reading

Cover
Title Page
About the Author
Foreplay
List of Illustrations
List of Text Boxes
List of Tables
About the Companion Website
1 Theoretical Perspectives on Human Sexuality
1. Introduction
2. What Drives Us to Have Sex?
3. Major Theoretical Perspectives on Human Sexuality
4. The Perspective of This Text
5. Key Terms
6. Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex?
7. References
2 Sexology Research: History, Methods, and Ethics
1. Introduction
2. A Brief History of Sexology
3. Sexology as a Science
4. Sample Selection
5. Nonexperimental Research
6. Experimental Research
7. A Note on Statistics
8. Ethics in Sexology Research
9. Evaluating Sex Research
10. Key Terms
11. Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex?
12. References
3 Human Sexual Anatomy
1. Introduction
2. Male Sexual Anatomy
3. Female Sexual Anatomy
4. Conclusions
5. Key Terms
6. Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex?
7. References
4 Human Sexual Response: Understanding Arousal and Orgasm
1. Introduction
2. Factors That Influence Sexual Arousal
3. The Sexual Response Cycle
4. Key Terms
5. Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex?
6. References
5 Gender and Gender Identity
1. Introduction
2. Biological Influences on Gender Identity and Sexuality
3. Psychosocial Influences on Gender Identity and Sexuality
4. Variations in Gender Expression
5. Just How Different Are Men and Women?
6. Key Terms
7. Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex?
8. References
6 Sexual Orientation
1. Introduction
2. Sexual Orientation: Definitions and Types
3. Measurement and Prevalence
4. Theories of Sexual Orientation
5. Sex Differences in the Expression of Sexual Orientation
6. Sexual Orientation Attitudes
7. Sexual Orientation Myths
8. Key Terms
9. Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex?
10. References
7 The Laws of Attraction
1. Introduction
2. What Attracts Us To Other People?
3. Attraction Processes among Gay Men and Lesbians
4. Why Are Men and Women Attracted to Different Characteristics?
5. Key Terms
6. Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex?
7. References
8 Intimate Relationships: Sex, Love, and Commitment
1. Introduction
2. Singlehood and Casual Relationships
3. Love and Committed Relationships
4. Why Do Some Relationships Succeed While Others Fail?
5. Key Terms
6. Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex?
7. References
9 Sexual Behaviors
1. Introduction
2. Solitary Sexual Behaviors
3. Partnered Sexual Behaviors
4. Frequency and Benefits of Sex and Orgasm
5. Sexual Behavior in Psychological Perspective
6. Key Terms
7. Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex?
8. References
10 Lifespan Sexual Development
1. Introduction
2. Sexual Development From Infancy Through Adolescence
3. Sexuality and Aging
4. Key Terms
5. Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex?
6. References
11 Sex Education, Contraception, and Pregnancy
1. Introduction
2. Sex Education
3. Sex Education in Cross-Cultural Perspective
4. Contraception
5. History
6. Pregnancy
7. Key Terms
8. Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex?
9. References
12 Sexually Transmitted Infections and Safer-Sex Practices
1. Introduction
2. Sexually Transmitted Infections
3. Bacterial Infections
4. Factors That Increase the Spread of STIs
5. The Psychological Impact of STIs
6. Preventing Infection
7. Key Terms
8. Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex?
9. References
13 Sexual Dysfunction and Sex Therapy
1. Introduction
2. Causes of Sex Difficulties
3. Types of Sexual Dysfunction
4. Sex Therapy
5. Tips For Avoiding Sexual Difficulties
6. Key Terms
7. Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex?
8. References
14 Variations in Sexual Behavior
1. Introduction
2. What are Paraphilias?
3. Types of Paraphilias
4. Paraphilia Controversies
5. Treatment of Paraphilic Disorders
6. Key Terms
7. Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex?
8. References
15 Sex Laws, Sexual Victimization, and the Sexual Marketplace
1. Introduction
2. A Brief History of Sex Laws
3. Sexual Coercion and Violence
4. The Sexual Marketplace
5. Key Terms
6. Discussion Questions: What is Your Perspective on Sex?
7. References
Epilogue
Glossary
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1
1. Table 1.1 Cross-cultural variations in human sexual behavior.
2. Table 1.2 Television shows that have pushed the sexual envelope.
3. Table 1.3 Summary of the major psychological theories in the study of human sexuality.
4. Table 1.4 The big five personality traits and their association with sexual behavior.
Chapter 2
1. Table 2.1 A summary of sexology research methods.
2. Table 2.2 Selected findings from the NSSHB.
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Sexual effects of several alleged aphrodisiacs.
2. Table 4.2 Potential variations in female sexual response.
3. Table 4.3 Comparing different models of sexual response.
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 Typical sequence of biological sex differentiation.
2. Table 5.2 Biological sex variations.
3. Table 5.3 Gendered presentations of men and women in the media.
Chapter 6
1. Table 6.1 Comparing sexual identity and same-sex sexual behavior across national US sex surveys.
2. Table 6.2 Countries with laws that prohibit employment discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Examples of best and worst pick-up lines.
2. Table 7.2 Evidence of assortative mating: percentage of partners across different relationship types displaying similarity in age, religious background, and education level.
3. Table 7.3 Major variables in sexual attraction.
4. Table 7.4 Percentage of men and women accepting requests for offers of casual sex.
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Sternberg's eight varieties of love.
2. Table 8.2 Countries that recognize same-sex marriage nationwide and year of legalization.
3. Table 8.3 Likelihood that a first marriage will last up to 20 years by race of partners in the United States.
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 Male and female sexual behaviors across the lifespan.
2. Table 9.2 Frequency of masturbation by age and gender groups.
3. Table 9.3 Frequency of Penile–vaginal intercourse in the past year among married American adults stratified by age and sex.
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Male and female sexual behaviors among adolescents aged 14–17.
2. Table 10.2 Male and female sexual behaviors among older adults aged 57–85.
Chapter 11
1. Table 11.1 Reasons women did not use contraception before an unintended pregnancy.
2. Table 11.2 Typical and perfect use effectiveness rates for various contraceptives.
Chapter 12
1. Table 12.1 Incidence and prevalence of selected curable STIs across world regions.
2. Table 12.2 CDC screening recommendations for STIs.
3. Table 12.3 Guidelines for proper condom use.
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 Factors associated with risk of sexual dysfunction in the National Health and Social Life Survey.
2. Table 13.2 Prevalence, in percentages, of various forms of sexual dysfunction across sex and age in a national British sample.
Chapter 14
1. Table 14.1 Types of paraphilias.
2. Table 14.2 Prevalence of selected fetishes among members of online fetish communities.
Chapter 15
1. Table 15.1 Number of sexual assaults in the United States.
2. Table 15.2 Comparing porn actresses to a matched sample of women who have never been in porn.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 The ancient Greeks and Romans believed in gods and goddesses devoted to love and sex, such as Aphrodite, from whom aphrodisiacs got their name. ©perseomedusa/123RF.COM.
2. Figure 1.2 Flamingos are just one of many animal species in which same-sex sexual behavior has been observed. ©smileus/123RF.COM.
3. Figure 1.3 Freud made numerous contributions to the study of sexuality from a psychological perspective, including his theorized personality structure consisting of the id, ego, and superego. ©basphoto/123RF.COM.
4. Figure 1.4 Pairing dirty talk or other stimuli with sexual activity may lead those stimuli to become sexually arousing in and of themselves. ©Vojtech VIK/123RF.COM.
5. Figure 1.5 There is no reliable evidence that therapies designed to change patients' sexual orientation actually work. In fact, the evidence suggests that they may do more harm than good. ©milosb/123RF.COM.
6. Figure 1.6 Both adolescents and adults imitate the activities they see depicted in sexually explicit material. ©wrangel/123RF.COM.
7. Figure 1.7 Sensation seekers tend to engage in activities that bring more thrills and excitement, such as seeking multiple partners, perhaps because their brains require greater stimulation in order to feel pleasure. ©altafulla, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
8. Figure 1.8 Evolutionary theory posits that heterosexual men are attracted to women whose bodies are shaped like an hourglass and who have long, silky hair because these are signs of good health and fertility. ©domenicogelermo/123RF.COM.
9. Figure 1.9 The biopsychosocial model as applied to sexual health.
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Alfred Kinsey was a pioneer in the field of sex research and conducted some of the most well-known and highly cited sex research of all time. Photograph by William Dellenback and provided by The Kinsey Institute for Research in Sex, Gender, and Reproduction.
2. Figure 2.2 William Masters and Virginia Johnson became household names after they began publishing books detailing the results of their observational sex research. As part of their work, they pioneered the use of electronic devices for recording sexual arousal. ©Bettmann/Getty Images.
3. Figure 2.3 A mercury-in-rubber penile strain gauge. The loop at the end of the wires is placed around the base of the penis and measures changes in penile circumference. ©Sarah Sudhoff.
4. Figure 2.4 An early-generation vaginal photoplethysmograph. The acrylic rod is placed inside the vagina to measure changes in vaginal blood volume. ©Sarah Sudhoff.
5. Figure 2.5 fMRI and other neuroimaging techniques are increasingly being used in sex research to explore differences in how people process sex-related stimuli and to identify neurological and physiological causes of sexual dysfunction. ©Levent Konuk/123RF.COM.
6. Figure 2.6 Although there may be a correlation between the stork population and the rate of human births, it would be erroneous to conclude that storks are responsible for delivering babies. Correlations do not imply cause-and-effect. ©James Steidl/123RF.COM.
7. Figure 2.7 Laud Humphreys studied men who have sex with men in public restrooms. Was it ethically appropriate for Humphries to deceive the men about his true identity and intentions? ©mrosica/123RF.COM.
8. Figure 2.8 At the beginning of any study on sex and sexuality, participants must be informed of their rights, the nature of the research, and the potential risks involved. This usually entails obtaining a written or electronic signature. ©gajus/123RF.COM.
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 In recent history, the penis has largely been seen as vulgar and makes infrequent appearances even in artistic depictions of the male body. ©Karashaev under Shutterstock.com.
2. Figure 3.2 The appearance of the penis and scrotum varies substantially across persons. ©stnu (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.
3. Figure 3.3 ©Ramjet (Own work) [CC-BY- SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.
4. Figure 3.4 ©Krittika (Own work) [CC-BY-SA -3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.
5. Figure 3.5 The male reproductive system. ©Tsaitgaist (Derivative work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.
6. Figure 3.6 Penis size is one of men's biggest body concerns. Some men pursue dangerous and untested treatments with the hope of enhancing the size of their genitals. ©PrinceOfLove, 2016. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
7. Figure 3.7 The appearance of the vulva can vary widely. ©Hutanisa, Ingrid w, Peter Klashorst, Amateurlover, and Knuter (Derivative work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.
8. Figure 3.8 In this photo you can see some of the structures of the vulva, including the labia, clitoral hood, and introitus. ©Bobisbob (en.wikipedia) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.
9. Figure 3.9 The female reproductive system. ©Tsaitgaist (Derivative work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.
10. Figure 3.10 Anatomy of the female breast. ©Alexilusmedical. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
11. Figure 3.11 Female dolls often have extreme and unrealistic bodily proportions, some of which would be nearly impossible to obtain in real life. ©Leah-Anne Thompson, 2016. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
12. Figure 3.12 Research has found that breast self-exams are not as effective as doctors once believed. Thus, they are not a substitute for consulting with a physician. ©National Institutes of Health via Wikimedia Commons.
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 In this diagram you can see the cerebral cortex and the major structures of the limbic system depicted. ©Blamb, 2016. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
2. Figure 4.2 Physical touch is perhaps the strongest sexual sense, although the type and nature of touch that is considered desirable varies across persons. ©Frenk Kaufmann/123RF.COM.
3. Figure 4.3 Men have long been thought to be more visually stimulated than women, but recent research suggests that this may not be the case after all. ©Lucky Business, 2016. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
4. Figure 4.4 Other people's scents can turn us off or on; however, we may not always consciously recognize when this is happening. ©Inspirestock International/123RF.COM.
5. Figure 4.5 Being on the pill can potentially impact the amount of money women make from exotic dancing. ©chaoss/123RF.COM.
6. Figure 4.6 Why do female humans and animals vocalize more during sexual activity than their male counterparts? ©PhotoMediaGroup, 2016. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
7. Figure 4.7 Testosterone replacement is sometimes used as a treatment for low libido in both men and women. ©Public domain image, via Wikimedia Commons.
8. Figure 4.8 Oxytocin (often referred to as the “cuddle drug”) facilitates sexual and romantic bonding, but it may also play a role in generating sexual arousal. ©sam100, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
9. Figure 4.9 Oysters are just one of many foods that have been thought to be an aphrodisiac. However, any sexual effects of such foods are likely a result of faith and the power of suggestion. ©Fedor Kondratenko/123RF.COM.
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Chaz Bono is a female-to-male transsexual who received international media scrutiny upon announcing that he was transitioning into a man. Chaz and others like him are an important reminder than not everyone fits neatly into a two-category gender system. ©s_bukley, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
2. Figure 5.2 Prenatal hormone exposure is theorized to alter brain structures that contribute to both our gender identity and sexual orientation. ©Natalia Merzlyakova/123RF.COM.
3. Figure 5.3 World running champion Caster Semenya became the focus of significant media attention after it was discovered that she has androgen insensitivity syndrome. Some people argued that she should not be allowed to complete as a woman because she is technically a chromosomal male. Intersex issues and sports have since become a huge source of controversy. Do we use biology, psychology, or both in making decisions about whether someone should compete against men or against women? ©Chell Hill (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.
4. Figure 5.4 Can you guess the sex of this child? It is much harder to predict an infant's sex when they are not surrounded by gendered social cues. ©Paul Hakimata/123RF.COM.
5. Figure 5.5 Teachers' expectations for their students' performance can influence academic achievement and later career interest in gender-stereotypic ways. ©michaeljung, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
6. Figure 5.6 The physical environments that surround us as children cue us in as to what our interests and activities “should” be. ©HONGQI ZHANG/123RF.COM.
7. Figure 5.7 The most popular and iconic female characters in television and film, such as Cinderella, tend to perpetuate stereotypical notions of how women are “supposed” to be. ©dean bertoncelj, 2016. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
8. Figure 5.8 There are a lot of misconceptions about transvestites and transsexuals. This stems at least in part from inconsistent and misleading media portrayals. ©jackmalipan/123RF.COM.
9. Figure 5.9 Drag queens are men who dress up as women for show. Unlike male-to-female transsexuals, drag queens do not truly wish to change their sex. ©Peter Kim, 2016. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
10. Figure 5.10 Are men inherently more aggressive than women, or does society just promote and accept male aggression more than female aggression? ©sportpoint, 2016. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Kinsey's famous sexual orientation rating scale places sexuality on a continuum, which allows for varying degrees of heterosexuality and homosexuality (Kinsey et al., 1948).
2. Figure 6.2 The ratio of the second to fourth digit on the hand has been shown to predict sexual orientation in numerous studies, although some have produced conflicting results. This image depicts the typical male finger length pattern, with the second digit being shorter than the fourth. ©DenisNata, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
3. Figure 6.3 Support for the kin selection hypothesis has been found among the fa'afafine of Samoa. ©Erik Hill/Anchorage Daily News/MCT via Getty Images.
4. Figure 6.4 The Exotic Becomes Erotic theory incorporates biological and environmental influences on sexual orientation (Bem, 1996).
5. Figure 6.5 Childhood gender nonconformity is one of the strongest predictors of adult homosexuality. However, keep in mind that there is wide individual variability. Some nonconformers will become heterosexual and some conformers will become homosexual. ©auremar/123RF.COM.
6. Figure 6.6 Research has found that women demonstrate signs of genital arousal in response to a wider range of pornography than men. ©Dewayne Flowers, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
7. Figure 6.7 Can our eyes reveal our sexual orientation? Research indicates that our pupils dilate in response to imagery that we find sexually arousing. ©Wallenrock, 2016. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
8. Figure 6.8 Overt displays of homophobia are common in many parts of the world. Constant encounters with prejudice of this nature have adverse effects on the gay and lesbian community. Source: EwS (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-2.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0)], via Wikimedia Commons.
9. Figure 6.9 Several prominent politicians, including former United States Senator Larry Craig, have been embroiled in gay sex scandals despite voting in favor of legislation restricting gay rights. This tells us that homophobia may partly stem from discomfort with one's own same-sex attraction. ©Public domain image, via Wikimedia Commons.
10. Figure 6.10 Despite a continued high prevalence of sexual prejudice, gay, lesbian, and bisexual persons have more ability today to live openly and freely than ever before. ©Rama (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-2.0 France (http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/fr/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Commons.
11. Figure 6.11 Sexual orientation does not affect one's ability to develop and maintain a long-term, loving relationship. ©Kobby Dagan, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Psychologists have found that we form impressions of other people's attractiveness and personality in a matter of seconds. ©gmast3r/123RF.COM.
2. Figure 7.2 Inducing positive affect is one of the keys to generating attraction. As such, it is a good idea to avoid raunchy jokes, flippant comments, and other remarks that have the potential to generate negative emotions. ©CREATISTA, 2016. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
3. Figure 7.3 Internet dating companies often attempt to match people based solely on measures of similarity. Although we tend to be attracted to similar others, similarity does not guarantee relationship success. ©Gunnar Pippel/123RF.COM.
4. Figure 7.4 In the Dutton and Aron (1976) study, men who walked across a high and shaky suspension bridge misattributed their arousal to the attractive research assistant instead of the nature of the situation. ©Sergey Breev/123RF.COM.
5. Figure 7.5 Viewing pornography or other popular media featuring highly attractive people can potentially produce a contrast effect in which the attractiveness of the average person is distorted. ©scyther5/123RF.COM.
6. Figure 7.6 Heterosexual men tend to rate women with long hair and a low waist-to-hip ratio as optimally attractive. Evolutionary psychologists theorize that attending to such features was adaptive for our ancestors by promoting reproductive success. ©phartisan/123RF.COM.
7. Figure 7.7 Schmitt and colleagues' (2003) research demonstrated a consistent sex difference across many different cultures in the number of sexual partners desired.
8. Figures 7.8 and 7.9 When men and women imagine offers of casual sex from celebrities like Zac Efron and Mila Kunis, there is no sex difference in likelihood of accepting the offer. This suggests that women are actually just as interested in casual relationships as men in some cases. Zac Efron ©s_bukley, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com. Mila Kunis ©Kathy Hutchins, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
9. Figure 7.10 The traditional sex difference in selectivity disappears when women approached men instead of the reverse. ©wisiel/123RF.COM.
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Single people are typically viewed and treated quite negatively in modern society. ©joseelias/123RF.COM.
2. Figure 8.2 Friends with benefits frequently try to maintain an intimate and sexual relationship without developing romantic feelings; however, they are not always successful in doing so. ©vgstudio/123RF.COM.
3. Figure 8.3 Passionate love is characterized by high levels of sexual desire and activity. ©bezikus/Shutterstock.
4. Figure 8.4 Companionate love reflects a deep emotional connection that tends to be enduring. ©MilanMarkovic78/Shutterstock.
5. Figure 8.5 Robert Sternberg (1988) theorizes that the “triangle” of love is composed of passion, intimacy, and commitment.
6. Figure 8.6 Making comparisons to couples that appear to be worse off (e.g., couples who fight all of the time) can make you feel better about your own relationship. ©Cathy Yeulet/123RF.COM.
7. Figure 8.7 The degree to which same-sex relationships are socially accepted varies substantially across cultures. ©dmbaker/123RF.COM.
8. Figure 8.8 An infinity symbol encased within a heart is often used to symbolize polyamory, or the idea that it is possible to love multiple persons simultaneously. ©Ratatosk (Own work) [CC-BY-SA-2.0 Germany (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/de/deed.en)], via Wikimedia Commons.
9. Figure 8.9 In collectivistic cultures such as India, the practice of arranged marriage is common: the needs of the family and community are given greater weight than the needs of the individual. ©Deborah Kolb/123RF.COM.
10. Figure 8.10 Communicating about sex appears to enhance sexual satisfaction. ©Dmitriy Shironosov/123RF.COM.
11. Figure 8.11 For couples in good relationships, having sex can relieve feelings of stress. ©Frenk Kaufmann/123RF.COM.
12. Figure 8.12 Couples that violate societal or cultural expectations—such as persons in interracial relationships—are often stigmatized, which may end up hurting the health of the couple members and their relationship. ©Graham Oliver/123RF.COM.
13. Figure 8.13 Infidelity is one of the biggest causes of relationship turmoil, breakup, and divorce. ©Konrad Bak/123RF.COM.
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Sexual fantasies are very common in both men and women and serve a number of different purposes. ©gpointstudio/123RF.COM.
2. Figure 9.2 The content of men's and women's sexual fantasies differs, and often in a way that is consistent with gender role stereotypes. ©altafulla, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
3. Figure 9.3 ©zhu difeng, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
4. Figure 9.4 Sizes, and shapes, and colors, oh my! ©IVL, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
5. Figure 9.5 Among the more popular anti-masturbation devices of the late 19th and early 20th centuries were genital cages. ©Science & Society Picture Library/Getty Images.
6. Figure 9.6 For some individuals, kissing is one of the most pleasurable sexual activities there is. ©Alexandru Chiriac, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
7. Figure 9.7 Touch can be a sensual experience even if it is not focused on the genitals. ©Dewayne Flowers, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
8. Figure 9.8 Despite the widespread stereotype of “lesbian bed death,” many female same-sex couples lead very active and satisfying sex lives. ©Rawpixel.com/Shutterstock.
9. Figure 9.9 Contrary to popular belief, kissing on the mouth is the most frequently reported sexual behavior among men who have sex with men. ©mavo/123RF.COM.
10. Figure 9.10 Frequent sex increases the growth rate of neurons in rats. Are creatures that have more frequent sex smarter? ©Cathy Keifer/123RF.COM.
11. Figure 9.11 When our self-control resources are low, we may become more susceptible to cheating on a romantic partner. ©Kzenon, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Ultrasound studies reveal that the human body’s capacity for sexual response begins in the womb. ©GagliardiImages 2016. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
2. Figure 10.2 It is not uncommon for parents to observe their children engaging in behaviors of an intimate or sexual nature with their peers, such as kissing. Such behaviors are generally regarded as normal and harmless. ©bikeriderlondon 2016. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
3. Figure 10.3 Note: This figure presents the percentage of never-married male and female teens aged 15–19 who report having engaged in penile–vaginal intercourse at least once. Data obtained from Martinez and Amba (2015).
4. Figure 10.4 Most people report their first feelings of sexual attraction in early adolescence. Subsequently, many begin pursuing sexual and/or romantic relationships. ©Dragon Images 2016. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
5. Figure 10.5 Research suggests that the sexual development trajectory of adolescents with physical disabilities is not necessarily different from that of able-bodied adolescents; however, sexual development patterns may vary across different types of disabilities. ©iStockphoto.com/nullplus.
6. Figure 10.6 Sexting, or the electronic transmission of sexual images or text messages, has become an increasingly common sexual behavior among adolescents. ©nito 2016. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
7. Figure 10.7 Many older adults maintain active sex lives, including those who are gay, lesbian, or bisexual. However, research on the sex lives of older sexual minorities has received scant research attention. ©iStockphoto.com/DavidsAdventures.
8. Figure 10.8 What makes for a satisfying sex life in older adulthood has more to do with quality than it does with quantity. ©iStockphoto.com/KatarzynaBialasiewicz.
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 Sex education courses often contain insufficient and, in some cases, inaccurate information about sex and sexuality. ©Marek Uliasz/123RF.COM.
2. Figure 11.2 Talking to kids about sex can be an awkward and embarrassing experience for some parents, but it is important to not let that stop the conversation. ©Golden Pixels LLC, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
3. Figure 11.3 Fertility awareness methods utilize a variety of techniques to advise women of their fertile periods, during which time they will either abstain from sex or use barriers. ©Gunita Reine/123RF.COM.
4. Figure 11.4 Female condoms are less well-known and utilized than male condoms; however, both are desirable in that they provide at least some protection from STIs. ©nito, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
5. Figure 11.5 Combined hormonal methods of contraception come in a variety of forms and dosages to meet women's needs, such as the contraceptive patch. ©Tomasz Trojanowski/123RF.COM.
6. Figure 11.6 An IUD sits inside the uterus like this and can remain in place and effective for up to five years. ©guniita/123RF.COM.
7. Figure 11.7 Contraceptive use patterns among US women ages 15–44. About 62% of women of childbearing age actively use some form of contraception. ©Mosher & Jones (2010).
8. Figure 11.8 Heterosexual women report greater attraction to masculine men like Channing Tatum when they are ovulating compared to other stages of the menstrual cycle. ©s_bukley, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
9. Figure 11.9 Sterilization involves severing the fallopian tubes (female) or vas deferens (male) in order to eliminate the possibility of conception. ©Stocktrek Images/Getty Images.
10. Figure 11.10 Trying to have a child and the transition to parenthood are stressful events for people of all sexes and sexualities—not just for heterosexual couples. ©Maria Dubova/123RF.COM.
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 Historically, the US government sought to alert servicemen about the dangers of STIs during times of war. ©US National Library of Medicine.
2. Figure 12.2 Many people fail to realize that “cold sores” and “fever blisters” are caused by the herpes virus and that they are highly contagious through kissing and oral sex. ©CDC/Dr. Herrmann, via CDC Public Health Image Library.
3. Figure 12.3 Out of all world regions, Africa is disproportionately affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. ©Joseph Sohm. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
4. Figure 12.4 One of the most persistent myths about STIs is that condoms provide an absolute safety guarantee. ©Wavebreak Media Ltd/123RF.COM.
5. Figure 12.5 Anti-retroviral drug therapy significantly reduces the risk of HIV transmission during sexual activity and childbirth, and may potentially serve as a preventive agent for HIV-negative individuals who are at high risk of contracting the virus. ©Nomadsoul1/123RF.COM.
6. Figure 12.6 As people become more committed to one another, safe-sex practices tend to drop off; however, that can create risk if one of the partners ends up cheating. ©ProStockStudio/Shutterstock.
7. Figure 12.7 Both doctors and patients express some reluctance to talking about sex during medical visits, which creates many missed opportunities for STI detection and diagnosis. ©Andres Rodriguez/123RF.COM.
8. Figure 12.8 Several websites now offer persons with a positive infection status the chance to meet other partners of the same status. ©PositiveSingles.com.
9. Figure 12.9 If you do not have access to a dental dam, remember that you can create one from an everyday latex condom. ©lim_atos/123RF.
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Both prescription and non-prescription drugs and medications can contribute to sexual problems. ©Sebastian Duda/123RF.COM.
2. Figure 13.2 Spectatoring and other distractions during sex can make it difficult to maintain arousal and reach orgasm. ©ostill/123RF.COM.
3. Figure 13.3 Golfer Tiger Woods is just one of many male celebrities who have sought treatment for “sexual addiction” in recent years after it was revealed that he was having an extramarital affair. ©photogolfer, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
4. Figure 13.4 Sensate focus exercises focus on promoting relaxation, communication, and intimacy. These exercises alone are often enough to resolve sexual difficulties. ©Dewayne Flowers 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
5. Figure 13.5 In the 2012 film The Sessions, Helen Hunt portrayed a sex surrogate who helped a disabled man discover his sexual potential. The film is based on a true story and offers an eye-opening look at the field of sex surrogacy. ©Featureflash, 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
6. Figure 13.6 One option for treating erectile dysfunction is a penis pump, which draws blood into the penis through vacuum pressure. A constriction band at the base of the penis serves to trap blood in the penis, thereby maintaining an erection for the duration of sexual activity. ©elMarco/Shutterstock.
7. Figure 13.7 Upon its release in the late 1990s, Viagra quickly became the fastest-selling prescription drug of all time and continues to be a popular ED treatment to this day. ©Daniel Korzeniewski/123RF.COM.
8. Figure 13.8 One type of penile implant involves placing inflatable cylinders inside the cavernous bodies, which are attached to a fluid-filled reservoir in the pelvic cavity and a pumping mechanism placed inside the scrotum. ©2008 Sharon Ellis.
9. Figure 13.9 Botox has a number of unexpected but potentially useful applications including an ability to prevent facial wrinkles, stop excess sweating, treat vaginismus, and (potentially) delay ejaculation in men with premature orgasm. ©Nikolay Litov/Shutterstock.
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Feet and toes are among the most common fetish objects. ©PhotoMediaGroup/Shutterstock.
2. Figure 14.2 Rachman (1966) classically conditioned a mild boot fetish in a group of male participants, thereby providing a clear demonstration of the role of learning in the development of paraphilias. ©Karkas 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
3. Figure 14.3 Transvestites dress as members of the other sex because they receive sexual arousal from it, not because they truly want to become members of the other sex. ©joesayhello 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
4. Figure 14.4 Contrary to popular belief, most people who practice BDSM prefer to give or receive only very mild forms of pain. ©Doug Stevens 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
5. Figure 14.5 As the name “peeping tom” implies, most voyeurs are men who become aroused by watching unsuspecting persons undress or have sex. ©ESB Professional. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
6. Figure 14.6 What turns the exhibitionist on is the shocked reaction of an unsuspecting stranger. Exposing oneself to willing others is not of particular interest to the true exhibitionist. ©Gemenacom 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
7. Figure 14.7 Frotteurists derive sexual arousal from rubbing up against unsuspecting strangers in crowded places. ©Ahmet Ihsan Ariturk/123RF.COM.
8. Figure 14.8 Necrophiles often work in settings where they can easily access corpses. Homicidal necrophiles may kill in order to have access to a dead body, but such behavior is very rare. ©Fernando Gregory Milan/123RF.
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Many cultures and societies regulate the sexual behavior of consenting adults, which has resulted in some truly surprising sex laws. ©Atthidej Nimmanhaemin/123RF.COM.
2. Figure 15.2 Rohypnol (“roofies”) is sometimes used as a date rape drug because it is fast-acting and has powerful sedative effects. ©Monkey Business Images 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
3. Figure 15.3 The aftermath of sexual assault includes a variety of negative emotional responses, with the potential for post-traumatic stress. ©Diego Cervo/123RF.COM.
4. Figure 15.4 Although many people think of the nature of sexual harassment as being cut and dried, such as unwanted physical touching, the reality is that harassment may constitute a wide range of verbal and physical acts. ©Ydefinitel 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
5. Figure 15.5 When it comes to prostitution, women are most commonly the sellers and men the buyers; however, male sellers and female buyers certainly exist. ©luckyraccoon 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
6. Figure 15.6 In the state of Nevada, brothels are legal in a couple of counties; however, several laws and regulations are in place to protect the health of the workers and their clients. ©Dan Howell/Shutterstock.
7. Figure 15.7 Like pornography, erotica may depict explicit sexual activity. The difference is that erotica generally evokes themes of mutual consent, equality, and emotionality. ©vgstudio 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
8. Figure 15.8 Despite the widespread belief that porn stars represent “damaged goods,” research suggests that porn actresses feel just as positively about themselves as other women. ©Juan Camilo Bernal 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
9. Figure 15.9 Not only do more men report having utilized porn than women, but men also tend to use it on a much more frequent basis. ©jaymast 2013. Used under license from Shutterstock.com.
10. Figure 15.10 Frequent pornography viewing has the potential to result in distorted views about what is normal when it comes to sex and the appearance of the human body. ©Carsten Reisinger/123RF.COM.

The Psychology of Human Sexuality

List of Text Boxes

Digging Deeper

Your Sexuality