Cover
Title Page
Preface
About the Author
1 Safety Assurance and Assessment
1. Introduction to Safety, Health, and Environment Management
2. 1.1 Importance of Safety
3. 1.2 Basic Terminologies in HSE
4. 1.3 Importance of Safety in Offshore and Petroleum Industries
5. 1.4 Objectives of HSE
6. 1.5 Scope of HSE Guidelines
7. 1.6 Need for Safety
8. 1.7 Organizing Safety
9. 1.8 Risk
10. 1.9 Safety Assurance and Assessment
11. 1.10 Frank and Morgan Logical Risk Analysis
12. 1.11 Defeating Accident Process
13. 1.12 Acceptable Risk
14. 1.13 Risk Assessment
15. 1.14 Application Issues of Risk Assessment
16. 1.15 Hazard Classification and Assessment
17. 1.16 Hazard Identification During Operation (HAZOP)
18. 1.17 Steps in HAZOP
19. 1.18 Backbone of HAZOP
20. 1.19 HAZOP Flowchart
21. 1.20 Full Recording Versus Recording by Exception
22. 1.21 Pseudo Secondary Words
23. 1.22 When to Do HAZOP?
24. 1.23 Case Study of HAZOP: Example Problem of a Group Gathering Station
25. 1.24 Accidents in Offshore Platforms
26. 1.25 Hazard Evaluation and Control
27. Exercises 1
28. Model Paper
2 Environmental Issues and Management
1. 2.1 Primary Environmental Issues
2. 2.2 Impact of Oil and Gas Industries on Marine Environment
3. 2.3 Drilling Accidents
4. 2.4 Pipelines
5. 2.5 Impact on Marine Pollution
6. 2.6 Oil Hydrocarbons: Composition and Consequences
7. 2.7 Detection of Oil Content in Marine Pollution
8. 2.8 Oil Spill: Physical Review
9. 2.9 Oil: A Multicomponent Toxicant
10. 2.10 Chemicals and Wastes from Offshore Oil Industry
11. 2.11 Control of Oil Spill
12. 2.12 Environmental Management Issues
13. 2.13 Ecological Monitoring
14. 2.14 Atmospheric Pollution
15. 2.15 Dispersion Models for Neutrally and Positively Buoyant Gas
16. 2.16 Puff Dispersion Model
17. 2.17 Isopleths
18. 2.18 Estimate of Dispersion Coefficients
19. 2.19 Dense Gas Dispersion
20. 2.20 Evaluation of Toxic Effects of Dispersed Liquid and Gas
21. 2.21 Hazard Assessment and Accident Scenarios
22. 2.22 Fire and Explosion Models
23. Exercises 2
3 Accident Modeling, Risk Assessment, and Management
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Dose Versus Response
3. 3.3 Fire and Explosion Modeling
4. 3.4 Fire and Explosion Characteristics of Materials
5. 3.5 Flammability Limit Behavior
6. 3.6 Estimation of Flammability Limits Using Stoichiometric Balance
7. 3.7 Flammability Diagram for Hydrocarbons
8. 3.8 Ignition Energy
9. 3.9 Explosions
10. 3.10 Explosion Characteristics
11. 3.11 Explosion Modeling
12. 3.12 Damage Consequences of Explosion Damage
13. 3.13 Energy in Chemical Explosions
14. 3.14 Explosion Energy in Physical Explosions
15. 3.15 Dust and Gaseous Explosion
16. 3.16 Explosion Damage Estimate
17. 3.17 Fire and Explosion Preventive Measures
18. 3.18 Use of Flammability Diagram
19. 3.19 NFPA 69 Recommendations
20. 3.20 Explosion-Proof Equipments
21. 3.21 Ventilation for Storage and Process Areas
22. 3.22 Sprinkler Systems
23. 3.23 Toxic Release and Dispersion Modeling
24. 3.24 Industrial Hygiene
25. 3.25 Exposure Evaluation: Chemical Hazard
26. 3.26 Exposure Evaluation: Physical Hazards
27. 3.27 Industrial Hygiene Control
28. 3.28 Ventilation Hoods to Reduce Hazards
29. 3.29 Elements to Control Process Accidents
30. 3.30 Methods for Chemical Risk Analysis
31. 3.31 Safety Review
32. 3.32 Process Hazards Checklists
33. 3.33 Hazard Surveys
34. 3.34 Emergency Response Planning Guidelines
35. 3.35 Chemical Exposure Index
36. 3.36 Guidelines for Estimating Amount of Material Becoming Airborne Following a Release
37. 3.37 Quantified Risk Assessment
38. 3.38 Hazard Identification (HAZID)
39. 3.39 Cause Analysis
40. 3.40 Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
41. 3.41 Event Tree Analysis (ETA)
42. 3.42 Disadvantages of QRA
43. 3.43 Risk Acceptance Criteria
44. 3.44 Hazard Assessment
45. 3.45 Identify Hazards
46. 3.46 Risk Assessment
47. 3.47 Evaluate Effectiveness
48. 3.48 Fatality Risk Assessment
49. 3.49 Marine Systems Risk Modeling
50. 3.50 Risk Picture: Definitions and Characteristics
51. 3.51 Fatality Risk
52. 3.52 Societal Risk
53. 3.53 Impairment Risk
54. 3.54 Environmental Risk
55. 3.55 Asset Risk
56. 3.56 Risk Assessment and Management
57. 3.57 Probabilistic Risk Assessment
58. 3.58 Risk Management
59. Exercises 3
4 Safety Measures in Design and Operation
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Inerting or Purging
3. 4.3 Terminologies
4. 4.4 Factors Affecting Purging
5. 4.5 Causes of Dilution or Mixing
6. 4.6 Methods of Purging
7. 4.7 Limits of Flammability of Gas Mixtures
8. 4.8 Protection System Design and Operation
9. 4.9 Explosion Prevention Systems
10. 4.10 Safe Work Practices
11. 4.11 Hot Work Permit
12. 4.12 Welding Fumes and Ventilation
13. 4.13 Critical Equipments
14. 4.14 Fire Prevention
15. 4.15 Fire Protection
16. 4.16 Grounding and Bonding
17. 4.17 Other General Requirements
18. 4.18 Process Safety Management (PSM) at Oil and Gas Operations
19. 4.19 Process Hazard Analysis (PHA)
20. 4.20 Safe Operating Procedures
21. 4.21 Safe Work Practice Procedures
22. 4.22 Mechanical Integrity
23. 4.23 Management of Change
24. 4.24 Incident Investigation
25. 4.25 Compliance Audits
26. 4.26 Software Used in HSE Management
27. Exercises 4
Application Problem: Quantified Risk Assessment of LPG Filling Station
1. Introduction
2. Methodology
3. Results and Discussions
4. Risk Estimates
5. Conclusions
References
Index
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

application
1. Table 1 Failure cases and their consequences
2. Table 2 Dispersion distances
3. Table 3 Hazard distance due to jet fire
4. Table 4 Hazard distances due to fireball
5. Table 5 Hazard distances due to overpressure from BLEVE
6. Table 6 Individual and societal risks for different failure cases
7. Table 7 Risks after recalculations
Chapter 01
1. Table 1.1 Hazard groups and hazard score
2. Table 1.2 Control scores and control group
3. Table 1.3 Data for each department of the process plant
4. Table 1.4 Computation of risk ranking
5. Table 1.5 Fatality statistics for nonindustrial activities (Lees, 1996)
6. Table 1.6 HAZOP report format
Chapter 02
1. Table 2.1 World’s energy resources
2. Table 2.2 Anthropogenic impact on hydrosphere by offshore oil and gas production
3. Table 2.3 Anthropogenic impact on hydrosphere on land oil and gas production
4. Table 2.4 Scale of marine pollution components
5. Table 2.5 Level of contaminants in µg/l in surface waters
6. Table 2.6 Impact on each stage of oil production
7. Table 2.7 Oil discharge in North Sea
8. Table 2.8 Volume of discharge in ocean in different parts of the world
9. Table 2.9 Vapor cloud behavior
10. Table 2.10 Pasquill Stability classes for day and night conditions
11. Table 2.11 Calculation of dispersion coefficients (plume model)
12. Table 2.12 Calculation of dispersion coefficients (puff model)
13. Table 2.13 Dispersion of dense gas plumes
14. Table 2.14 Dispersion of dense gas puffs
15. Table 2.15 Probit correlations for various damages
16. Table 2.16 The degree of hazard for different dow FEI
Chapter 03
1. Table 3.1 Flammability constants
2. Table 3.2 Minimum ignition energy for some chemicals
3. Table 3.3 Ignition sources
4. Table 3.4 Explosion damages caused by overpressure
5. Table 3.5 Nominal discharge rate as per NFPA norms
6. Table 3.6 Non-ideal mixing factor, K for various ventilation conditions
7. Table 3.7 Common types of chemical process accidents
8. Table 3.8 Risk criteria in various countries (IS15656:2006)

List of Illustrations

application
1. Figure 1 Layout of Plant A
2. Figure 2 Layout of Plant B
3. Figure 3 ALARP triangle
Chapter 01
1. Figure 1.1 Piper Alpha disaster
2. Figure 1.2 Exxon Valdez oil spill
3. Figure 1.3 Ekofisk blowout
4. Figure 1.4 Enchova blowout
5. Figure 1.5 West Vanguard gas blowout
6. Figure 1.6 Piper Alpha explosion
7. Figure 1.7 Flowchart for hazard evaluation
8. Figure 1.8 Explosion at Rocket-fuel plant located at Nevada, Las Vegas
9. Figure 1.9 Example problem
10. Figure 1.10 HAZOP flowchart
11. Figure 1.11 Nodes marked in the PFD of GGS
12. Figure 1.12 Risk matrix for the example problem (GGS)
13. Figure 1.13 The Sleipner A platform
14. Figure 1.14 Thunder Horse platform
15. Figure 1.15 Timor Sea oil rig
16. Figure 1.16 Burnt out of Bombay High North platform
17. Figure 1.17 Hazard evaluation
Chapter 02
1. Figure 2.1 Drilling fluid handling system
2. Figure 2.2 Continuous release (plume)
3. Figure 2.3 Instantaneous release (puff)
4. Figure 2.4 Wind profile for different areas
5. Figure 2.5 Air temperature as a function of altitude
6. Figure 2.6 Release of material above ground
7. Figure 2.7 Plume dispersion model
8. Figure 2.8 Isopleths
9. Figure 2.9 Isopleths offset
10. Figure 2.10 Isopleths
11. Figure 2.11 Dispersion coefficients for plume model (rural release)
12. Figure 2.12 Dispersion coefficients for plume model (urban release)
13. Figure 2.13 Dispersion coefficients for puff model
14. Figure 2.14 Concentration ratio: (a) for plume model; (b) for puff model
15. Figure 2.15 Hazard assessment
16. Figure 2.16 Development of accident scenario
17. Figure 2.17 Probit function
18. Figure 2.18 Flowchart to compute FEI
Chapter 03
1. Figure 3.1 Dose vs. response behavior of toxicants
2. Figure 3.2 Logarithmic dose vs. response behavior of toxicants
3. Figure 3.3 Various types of doses
4. Figure 3.4 Fire triangle
5. Figure 3.5 Flammability characteristics of materials
6. Figure 3.6 Flammability diagram
7. Figure 3.7 Flammability diagram for methane
8. Figure 3.8 Variation of overpressure with time
9. Figure 3.9 Scaled overpressure
10. Figure 3.10 Variation of pressure for gas and dust with regard to time
11. Figure 3.11 Pressure variation with respect to time
12. Figure 3.12 Variation of pressure due to vacuum purging
13. Figure 3.13 Pressure cycle due to pressure purging
14. Figure 3.14 Pressure cycle due to combined pressure vacuum purging
15. Figure 3.15 Pressure cycle if the evacuation is done first
16. Figure 3.16 Sweep-through purging
17. Figure 3.17 Flammability diagram for vessel out of service
18. Figure 3.18 Flammability diagram for vessel in service
19. Figure 3.19 Plug flow through hood
20. Figure 3.20 Steps for calculating CEI
21. Figure 3.21 Chemical exposure index summary
22. Figure 3.22 Mitigation check list
23. Figure 3.23 Example problem
24. Figure 3.24 Release scenarios
25. Figure 3.25 Variation of CEI with airborne quantity
26. Figure 3.26 Chlorine storage vessel
27. Figure 3.27 Logic gates
28. Figure 3.28 LPG release
29. Figure 3.29 Event tree
30. Figure 3.30 ALARP triangle
31. Figure 3.31 Individual risk contour
32. Figure 3.32 Societal risk

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This edition first published 2016
© 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
First Edition published in 2016

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names: Chandrasekaran, Srinivasan, author.
Title: Health, safety, and environmental management in offshore and petroleum engineering / Srinivasan Chandrasekaran.
Description: First edition. | Chichester, West Sussex, United Kingdom : John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., [2016] | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015047419 (print) | LCCN 2015049980 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119221845 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119221425 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119221432 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Offshore structures–Safety measures. | Offshore structures–Risk assessment. | Petroleum engineering–Safety measures. | Petroleum engineering–Risk assessment. | Petroleum in submerged lands–Environmental aspects. | Natural gas in submerged lands–Environmental aspects.
Classification: LCC TC1665 .C457 2016 (print) | LCC TC1665 (ebook) | DDC 622/.8–dc23LC record available at http://lccn.loc.gov/2015047419

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Preface

The regulations of risks to health, safety, and environmental management that arise from the exploration and production works in the oil and gas industries are gaining more attention in the recent past. There is a growing necessity to maintain good and healthy work-space for people on board and also to protect the fragile ecosystem. The unregulated use of chemicals or other hazardous substances in oil and gas industries can challenge the technical workforce by putting their health at risk, causing various levels of discomfort in addition to causing catastrophic damage to the offshore assets. Accidents reported in the recent past in oil and gas sector also demonstrate the seriousness of Health, Safety, and Environmental Management in this domain of workspace. The objective of the book is to share the technical know-how in the field of health, safety, and environmental management, applicable to oil and gas industries. Contents of the book are spread across four chapters, addressing the vital areas of interest in HSE, as applicable to offshore and petroleum engineering. The first chapter highlights safety assurance and assessment, emphasizing the need for safety. The second chapter focuses on the environmental issues and management that arise from oil and gas exploration. The third chapter deals with the accident modeling, risk assessment, and management, while the fourth chapter is focused on safety measures in design and operations. The book explains the concepts in HSE through a simple and straightforward approach, which makes it comfortable for practicing engineers as well. The focus however is capacity building in safety and risk assessment, which is achieved through a variety of example problems and case studies. The author’s experiences in both the academia and leading oil and gas industries are shared through the illustrated case studies. The book is an important milestone in the capacity building of young engineers and preparing them for a safe exploration process. Sincere thanks are due to Centre for Continuing Education, IIT Madras for assisting in writing this book.

Srinivasan Chandrasekaran

About the Author

Professor Srinivasan Chandrasekaran is a Professor in the Department of Ocean Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, India. He has teaching, research, and industrial experience of about 24 years during which he has supervised many sponsored research projects and offshore consultancy assignments both in India and abroad. His active areas of research include dynamic analysis and design of offshore platforms, development of geometric forms of compliant offshore structures for ultra-deep water oil exploration and production, structural health monitoring of ocean structures, seismic analysis, and design of structures and risk analyses and reliability studies of offshore and petroleum engineering plants. He was a visiting fellow under the invitation of Ministry of Italian University Research to University of Naples Federico II, Italy, for a period of 2 years during which he conducted research on advanced nonlinear modeling and analysis of structures under different environmental loads with experimental verifications. He has published about 140 research papers in international journals and refereed conferences organized by professional societies around the world. He has authored five textbooks, which are quite popular among the graduate students of civil and ocean engineering: Seismic Design Aids for Nonlinear Analysis of Reinforced Concrete Structures (ISBN: 978-1-4398-0914-3); Analysis and Design of Offshore Structures with Illustrated Examples (ISBN: 978-89-963915-5-5); Advanced Theory on Offshore Plant FEED Engineering (ISBN: 978-89-969792-8-9); Dynamic Analysis and Design of Offshore Structures (ISBN: 978-81-322-2276-7); Advanced Marine Structures (ISBN: 978-14-987-3968-9). His books are also recommended as reference material in many universities in India and abroad.He also conducted two online courses under Mass Open Online Courses (MOOC) under NPTEL, GoI titled Dynamic analysis of offshore structures and HSE in oil offshore and petroleum industries. He is a member of many national and international professional bodies and has delivered many invited lectures and keynote addresses in the international conferences, workshops, and seminars organized in India and abroad.

He has also delivered four web-based courses:

Dynamic Analysis of Ocean Structures (http://nptel.ac.in/courses/114106036/)
Ocean Structures and Materials (http://nptel.ac.in/courses/114106035/)
Advanced Marine Structures (http://nptel.ac.in/courses/114106037/)
Health, Safety and Management in Offshore and Petroleum Engineering (http://nptel.ac.in/courses/114106017/)

under the auspices of National Program on Technology Enhancement Learning (NPTEL), Government of India.