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<p>Preface xvii</p> <p>About the Authors xix</p> <p><b>Part I Introduction to Viruses 1</b></p> <p><b>1 Overview of Molecular Biology 3<br /> </b><i>Contributing Author: Sarah Forster</i></p> <p>1.1 Cell Basics 4</p> <p>1.1.1 Cytoplasm 5</p> <p>1.1.2 Ribosomes 5</p> <p>1.1.3 Nucleus 6</p> <p>1.2 Cell Replication 6</p> <p>1.2.1 Nucleic Acids 6</p> <p>1.2.2 DNA Replication 7</p> <p>1.2.3 RNA Structure and Role 9</p> <p>1.2.4 Protein Synthesis 9</p> <p>1.3 Cellular Transport 11</p> <p>1.3.1 Plasma Membrane 11</p> <p>1.3.2 Cell Signaling 11</p> <p>1.4 Immune Defense 12</p> <p>1.4.1 Innate Immunity 12</p> <p>1.4.2 Adaptive Immunity 13</p> <p>1.4.2.1 Humoral Immunity 13</p> <p>1.4.2.2 Cellular Immunity 14</p> <p>1.5 Applications 14</p> <p>1.6 Chapter Summary 16</p> <p>1.7 Problems 16</p> <p>References 16</p> <p><b>2 Basics of Virology 19</b></p> <p>2.1 Viral Basics and Terminology 19</p> <p>2.2 Viral Life Cycle 21</p> <p>2.2.1 Attachment (Connection) 21</p> <p>2.2.2 Penetration (Entry) 22</p> <p>2.2.3 Uncoating 22</p> <p>2.2.4 Replication 23</p> <p>2.2.5 Assembly 23</p> <p>2.2.6 Maturation and Release 23</p> <p>2.3 Virus Structure and Classification 24</p> <p>2.3.1 DNA Viruses 25</p> <p>2.3.2 RNA Viruses 25</p> <p>2.3.3 Reverse Transcription Viruses (Retroviruses) 27</p> <p>2.4 Viruses in Context of the Tree of Life 27</p> <p>2.5 Viral Genetics 28</p> <p>2.5.1 Antigenic Shift 28</p> <p>2.5.2 Antigenic Drift 29</p> <p>2.5.3 Phenotypic Mixing 29</p> <p>2.5.4 Complementation 29</p> <p>2.6 Applications 29</p> <p>2.7 Chapter Summary 31</p> <p>2.8 Problems 31</p> <p>References 32</p> <p><b>3 Pandemics, Epidemics, and Outbreaks 33</b></p> <p>3.1 Human Viral Diseases 34</p> <p>3.2 Ebola and Marburg Viruses 35</p> <p>3.2.1 Symptoms 36</p> <p>3.2.2 Diagnosis 37</p> <p>3.2.3 Prevention and Treatment 37</p> <p>3.3 Human Immunodeficiency Disease (HIV) 38</p> <p>3.3.1 HIV Symptoms 39</p> <p>3.3.1.1 Stage 1: Acute Infection 39</p> <p>3.3.1.2 Stage 2: Chronic HIV Infection (Latent Phase) 39</p> <p>3.3.1.3 Stage 3: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) 39</p> <p>3.3.2 Diagnosis 40</p> <p>3.3.3 HIV Prevention and Treatment 40</p> <p>3.4 Influenza 41</p> <p>3.4.1 Influenza Symptoms 41</p> <p>3.4.2 Influenza Diagnosis 42</p> <p>3.4.3 Influenza Prevention and Treatment 42</p> <p>3.4.4 Influenza Pandemics 43</p> <p>3.5 Coronaviruses 44</p> <p>3.5.1 Symptoms 45</p> <p>3.5.1.1 Typical Acute Symptoms 45</p> <p>3.5.1.2 Post-COVID Conditions 46</p> <p>3.5.1.3 COVID-19 Multiorgan System Effects (MIS) 46</p> <p>3.5.2 COVID-19 Diagnosis 47</p> <p>3.5.3 COVID-19 Prevention and treatment 48</p> <p>3.6 Current and Emerging Viral Threats 48</p> <p>3.7 Applications 51</p> <p>3.8 Chapter Summary 52</p> <p>3.9 Problems 53</p> <p>References 53</p> <p><b>4 Virus Prevention, Diagnosis, and Treatment 57</b></p> <p>4.1 Vaccination Successes and Challenges 58</p> <p>4.2 Current Vaccine Technology 59</p> <p>4.2.1 Live-attenuated vaccines 60</p> <p>4.2.2 Inactivated vaccines 61</p> <p>4.2.3 Recombinant Subunit Vaccines 61</p> <p>4.2.4 Viral Vector Vaccines 62</p> <p>4.2.5 Messenger RNA (mRNA) Vaccines 62</p> <p>4.3 U.S.-Approved Vaccines and Requirements 63</p> <p>4.3.1 Commercially Available Viral Vaccines 63</p> <p>4.3.2 Vaccination Requirements 63</p> <p>4.4 Viral Testing and Diagnosis 64</p> <p>4.4.1 Viral Testing 65</p> <p>4.4.2 Antibody Testing 66</p> <p>4.5 Antiviral Treatment Options 66</p> <p>4.5.1 HIV 67</p> <p>4.5.1.1 Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs) 67</p> <p>4.5.1.2 Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTIs) 67</p> <p>4.5.1.3 Protease Inhibitors (PIs) 67</p> <p>4.5.1.4 Fusion Inhibitors (FIs) 67</p> <p>4.5.1.5 Integrase Strand Transfer Inhibitors (INSTIs) 67</p> <p>4.5.1.6 CCR5 Antagonists 67</p> <p>4.5.1.7 Attachment Inhibitors 68</p> <p>4.5.1.8 Post-Attachment Inhibitors 68</p> <p>4.5.1.9 Pharmacokinetic Enhancers 68</p> <p>4.5.2 Influenza 68</p> <p>4.5.3 Hepatitis C virus (HCV) 68</p> <p>4.5.4 Other Treatment Options 69</p> <p>4.6 Applications 70</p> <p>4.7 Chapter Summary 71</p> <p>4.8 Problems 72</p> <p>References 72</p> <p><b>5 Safety Protocols and Personal Protection Equipment 75<br /> </b><i>Contributing Author: Emma Parente</i></p> <p>5.1 Regulations and Oversight of Safety Protocols 76</p> <p>5.2 Protective and Safety Systems 76</p> <p>5.2.1 Personal Protective Devices and Practices 76</p> <p>5.2.2 Antimicrobial Suppression And Eradication 77</p> <p>5.3 Disinfection Categories and Procedures 78</p> <p>5.4 Occupational Health and Safety Administration Hazmat Regulations 79</p> <p>5.4.1 HAZMAT Level A Protection 80</p> <p>5.4.2 HAZMAT Level B Protection 81</p> <p>5.4.3 Level C Protection 82</p> <p>5.4.4 Level D Protection 83</p> <p>5.5 Bio Level Safety and Security 83</p> <p>5.6 COVID-Related Safety Precautions 84</p> <p>5.6.1 Personal Protective Equipment 84</p> <p>5.6.2 Transmission Control 85</p> <p>5.7 Applications 85</p> <p>5.8 Summary 87</p> <p>5.9 Problems 87</p> <p>References 88</p> <p><b>6 Epidemiology and Virus Transmission 91</b></p> <p>6.1 Overview of Epidemiology 92</p> <p>6.2 Government Agencies’ Contributions to Public Health 94</p> <p>6.2.1 The Role of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 94</p> <p>6.2.2 The World Health Organization (WHO): Successes and Challenges 95</p> <p>6.3 Epidemiologic Study Design 96</p> <p>6.3.1 Outbreak Case Example 98</p> <p>6.3.2 Clinical Trials 99</p> <p>6.4 Virus Transmission 100</p> <p>6.4.1 Modes of Transmission 101</p> <p>6.5 Applications 102</p> <p>6.6 Chapter Summary 104</p> <p>6.7 Problems 105</p> <p>References 105</p> <p><b>Part II Practical and Technical Considerations 109</b></p> <p><b>7 Engineering Principles and Fundamentals 111<br /> </b><i>Contributing Author: Vishal Bhatty</i></p> <p>7.1 History of Engineering 112</p> <p>7.2 Problem Solving: The Engineering Approach 113</p> <p>7.2.1 Problem-Solving Methodology 114</p> <p>7.2.2 Engineering and Scientific Sources 115</p> <p>7.3 Units and Conversion Constants 115</p> <p>7.3.1 The Metric System 115</p> <p>7.3.2 The SI System 117</p> <p>7.4 Dimensional Analysis 117</p> <p>7.5 Process Variables 119</p> <p>7.6 The Conservation Laws 121</p> <p>7.7 Thermodynamics and Kinetics 125</p> <p>7.8 Applications 126</p> <p>7.9 Chapter Summary 130</p> <p>7.10 Problems 130</p> <p>References 131</p> <p><b>8 Legal and Regulatory Considerations 133</b></p> <p>8.1 The Regulatory System 134</p> <p>8.1.1 Laws, Regulations, Plans and policy: The Differences 135</p> <p>8.1.2 Policies and Plans 137</p> <p>8.2 The Role of Individual States 138</p> <p>8.3 Key Government Agencies 140</p> <p>8.3.1 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 140</p> <p>8.3.2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 141</p> <p>8.3.3 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) 141</p> <p>8.3.4 Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) 141</p> <p>8.3.5 Legal Considerations during a Public Health Crisis 142</p> <p>8.4 Public Health Emergency Declarations 143</p> <p>8.5 Key Environmental Acts 145</p> <p>8.6 The Clean Air Act 145</p> <p>8.7 Regulation of Toxic Substances 147</p> <p>8.7.1 Toxic Water Pollutants: Control and Classification 150</p> <p>8.7.2 Drinking Water 150</p> <p>8.7.3 Surface Water Treatment Rules (SWTR) 151</p> <p>8.8 Regulations Governing Infectious Diseases 153</p> <p>8.8.1 Vaccination Laws 155</p> <p>8.8.2 State Healthcare Worker and Patient Vaccination Laws 155</p> <p>8.8.3 State-Mandated Childhood Vaccinations 155</p> <p>8.9 Applications 155</p> <p>8.10 Chapter Summary 159</p> <p>8.11 Problems 159</p> <p>References 160</p> <p><b>9 Emergency Planning and Response 163</b></p> <p>9.1 The Importance of Emergency Planning and Response 164</p> <p>9.2 Planning for Emergencies 166</p> <p>9.2.1 Preparedness Training 166</p> <p>9.3 Plan Implementation 167</p> <p>9.3.1 Notification of Public and Regulatory Officials 168</p> <p>9.4 EP&R for Epidemics and Pandemics 169</p> <p>9.4.1 Federal Public Health and Medical Emergency Preparedness 170</p> <p>9.4.2 Emergency Operations Center 170</p> <p>9.4.3 Disease Containment 172</p> <p>9.4.4 Public Notification of Pandemic Quarantines and Lockdowns 173</p> <p>9.4.5 The National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza (NSPI) 173</p> <p>9.5 EP&R for Industrial Accidents 174</p> <p>9.5.1 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (epcra) 175</p> <p>9.5.2 The Planning Committee 177</p> <p>9.6 EP&R for Natural Disasters 179</p> <p>9.7 Current and Future Trends 181</p> <p>9.8 Applications 181</p> <p>9.9 Chapter Summary 184</p> <p>9.10 Problems 184</p> <p>References 185</p> <p><b>10 Ethical Considerations within Virology 189<br /> </b><i>Contributing Author: Paul DiGaetano, Jr.</i></p> <p>10.1 Core Ethics Principles 190</p> <p>10.2 Important Tenets of Ethical Research 191</p> <p>10.2.1 Conducting Research During a Health Crisis 192</p> <p>10.2.2 Scientific Cooperation During a Health Crisis 192</p> <p>10.2.3 Fair and Ethical Study Design and Implementation 193</p> <p>10.3 Ethical Dilemmas in Public Health 193</p> <p>10.3.1 Public Health Surveillance 193</p> <p>10.3.2 Ethical Evaluation of Nonpharmaceutical Interventions 195</p> <p>10.3.3 Ethical Consideration Involving Restrictions of Movement 197</p> <p>10.4 Ethical Considerations Regarding Medical Interventions 199</p> <p>10.4.1 Emergency Use Of Medical Interventions 200</p> <p>10.5 Applications 201</p> <p>10.6 Chapter Summary 202</p> <p>10.7 Problems 203</p> <p>References 203</p> <p><b>11 Health and Hazard Risk Assessment 205</b></p> <p>11.1 Introduction to Risk Assessment 207</p> <p>11.2 The Health Risk Assessment Process 209</p> <p>11.3 Dose–Response Assessment 211</p> <p>11.4 The Hazard Risk Assessment Process 213</p> <p>11.5 Hazard Risk Versus Health Risk 214</p> <p>11.5.1 Health Risk Assessment (HRA) Example 215</p> <p>11.5.2 Hazard Risk Assessment (HRZA) Example 215</p> <p>11.6 COVID-19 Pandemic Hazard Risk 216</p> <p>11.7 The Uncertainty Factor 217</p> <p>11.8 Applications 218</p> <p>11.9 Chapter Summary 220</p> <p>11.10 Problems 220</p> <p>References 221</p> <p><b>Part III Engineering Considerations 223</b></p> <p><b>12 Introduction to Mathematical Methods 225<br /> </b><i>Contributing Author: Julian Theodore</i></p> <p>12.1 Differentiation 226</p> <p>12.2 Integration 228</p> <p>12.2.1 The Trapezoidal Rule 228</p> <p>12.2.2 Simpson’s Rule 229</p> <p>12.3 Simultaneous Linear Algebraic Equations 230</p> <p>12.3.1 Gauss–Jordan Reduction 231</p> <p>12.3.2 Gauss Elimination 232</p> <p>12.3.3 Gauss–Seidel Approach 232</p> <p>12.4 Nonlinear Algebraic Equations 233</p> <p>12.5 Ordinary Differential Equations 234</p> <p>12.6 Partial Differential Equations 237</p> <p>12.7 Applications 237</p> <p>12.8 Chapter Summary 240</p> <p>12.9 Problems 240</p> <p>References 241</p> <p><b>13 Probability and Statistical Principles 243</b></p> <p>13.1 Probability Definitions and Interpretations 244</p> <p>13.2 Introduction to Probability Distributions 246</p> <p>13.3 Discrete Probability Distributions 247</p> <p>13.3.1 The Binomial Distribution 248</p> <p>13.3.2 Multinomial Distribution 248</p> <p>13.3.3 Hypergeometric Distribution 249</p> <p>13.3.4 Poisson Distribution 250</p> <p>13.4 Continuous Probability Distributions 250</p> <p>13.4.1 Measures of Central Tendency and Scatter 251</p> <p>13.4.2 The Normal Distribution 252</p> <p>13.4.3 The Lognormal Distribution 256</p> <p>13.4.4 The Exponential Distribution 257</p> <p>13.4.5 The Weibull Distribution 258</p> <p>13.5 Contemporary Statistics 259</p> <p>13.5.1 Confidence Intervals for Means 260</p> <p>13.5.2 Confidence Intervals for Proportions 260</p> <p>13.5.3 Hypothesis Testing 261</p> <p>13.5.4 Hypothesis Test for Means and Proportions 261</p> <p>13.5.5 The F Distribution 262</p> <p>13.5.6 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) 262</p> <p>13.5.7 Nonparametric Tests 264</p> <p>13.6 Applications 264</p> <p>13.7 Chapter Summary 268</p> <p>13.8 Problems 268</p> <p>References 269</p> <p><b>14 Linear Regression 271</b></p> <p>14.1 Rectangular Coordinates 272</p> <p>14.2 Logarithmic Coordinates 273</p> <p>14.3 Methods of Plotting Data 275</p> <p>14.4 Scatter Diagrams 275</p> <p>14.5 Curve Fitting 278</p> <p>14.6 Method of Least Squares 280</p> <p>14.7 Applications 284</p> <p>14.8 Chapter Summary 287</p> <p>14.9 Problems 288</p> <p>References 288</p> <p><b>15 Ventilation 289</b></p> <p>15.1 Introduction to Industrial Ventilation Systems 290</p> <p>15.2 Components of Ventilation Systems 291</p> <p>15.3 Fans, Valves and Fittings, and Ductwork 293</p> <p>15.3.1 Fans 293</p> <p>15.3.2 Valves and Fittings 295</p> <p>15.4 Selecting Ventilation Systems 296</p> <p>15.5 Key Process Equations 298</p> <p>15.5.1 Regarding Friction Losses 299</p> <p>15.6 Ventilation Models 300</p> <p>15.7 Model Limitations 302</p> <p>15.8 Infection Control Implications 303</p> <p>15.9 Applications 305</p> <p>15.10 Chapter Summary 309</p> <p>15.11 Problems 310</p> <p>References 310</p> <p><b>16 Pandemic Health Data Modeling 313</b></p> <p>16.1 COVID-19: A Rude Awakening 315</p> <p>16.2 Earlier Work 316</p> <p>16.3 Planning for Pandemics 318</p> <p>16.4 Generating Mathematical Models 319</p> <p>16.5 Pandemic Health Data Models 324</p> <p>16.6 In Review 329</p> <p>16.7 Applications 331</p> <p>16.8 Chapter Summary 338</p> <p>16.9 Problems 338</p> <p>References 339</p> <p><b>17 Optimization Procedures 341</b></p> <p>17.1 The History of Optimization 342</p> <p>17.2 The Scope of Optimization 344</p> <p>17.3 Conventional Optimization Procedures 346</p> <p>17.4 Analytical Fomulation of the Optimum 347</p> <p>17.5 Contemporary Optimization: Concepts in Linear Programming 350</p> <p>17.6 Applied Concepts in Linear Programming 351</p> <p>17.7 Applications 355</p> <p>17.8 Chapter Summary 357</p> <p>17.9 Problems 358</p> <p>References 359</p> <p>Index 361</p>

<p><b>Megan M. Reynolds, BSChE, MS, MBA,</b> is a freelance medical writer and editor with a focus on infectious diseases. She holds degrees in chemical engineering, international business, and medicine, and has more than 12 years’ experience in the pharmaceutical industry in a variety of capacities. <p><b>Louis Theodore, MChE, EngScD,</b> is a retired professor of chemical engineering with over 50 years’ education experience. He has authored numerous publications and has served as section editor to the last four editions of <i>Perry’s Chemical Engineer’s Handbook</i>. Dr. Theodore currently works as an environmental engineering consultant.

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