Details

Nanotechnology

Basic Calculations for Engineers and Scientists
1. Aufl.

von: Louis Theodore
126,99 €
Verlag:	Wiley
Format:	PDF
Veröffentl.:	03.01.2006
ISBN/EAN:	9780471751991
Sprache:	englisch
Anzahl Seiten:	368

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Beschreibungen

Titelbeschreibung

A practical workbook that bridges the gap between theory and practice in the nanotechnology field Because nanosized particles possess unique properties, nanotechnology is rapidly becoming a major interest in engineering and science. Nanotechnology: Basic Calculations for Engineers and Scientists-a logical follow-up to the author's previous text, Nanotechnology: Environmental Implications and Solutions-presents a practical overview of nanotechnology in a unique workbook format. The author has developed nearly 300 problems that provide a clear understanding of this growing field in four distinct areas of study: * Chemistry fundamentals and principles * Particle technology * Applications * Environmental concerns These problems have been carefully chosen to address the most important basic concepts, issues, and applications within each area, including such topics as patent evaluation, toxicology, particle dynamics, ventilation, risk assessment, and manufacturing. An introduction to quantum mechanics is also included in the Appendix. These stand-alone problems follow an orderly and logical progression designed to develop the reader's technical understanding. "This is certain to become the pacesetter in the field, a text to benefit both students of all technical disciplines and practicing engineers and researchers." -Dr. Howard Beim, Professor of Chemistry, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy "Dr. Theodore has covered most of the important nanotechnology subject matter in this ...work through simple, easy-to-follow problems." -John McKenna, President and CEO, ETS, Inc.

Inhaltsverzeichnis

Preface xvii Introduction xix PART 1: CHEMISTRY FUNDAMENTALS AND PRINCIPLES 1 1 Units, Conversion Constants, and Dimensional Analysis 3 1.1 Background on the Metric System 4 1.2 Describe the SI System of Units 6 1.3 The Conversion Constant gc 9 1.4 Unit Conversion Factors: General Approach 10 1.5 Temperature Conversions 11 1.6 Pressure Calculations 11 1.7 Density and Thermal Conductivity 13 1.8 Viscosity Conversions 14 1.9 Air Quality Standard 14 1.10 Conversion Factors for Particulate Measurements 15 1.11 Significant Figures and Scientific Notation 15 1.12 Uncertainty in Measurement 17 2 Atoms, Elements, and the Periodic Table 19 2.1 Atomic Theory 21 2.2 The Avogadro Number 21 2.3 Mass and Size of Atoms 22 2.4 Atomic Conversions 23 2.5 Atomic Number, Atomic Weight, and Mass Number 24 2.6 Bismuth Application 24 2.7 Elements 24 2.8 Symbols for Elements 27 2.9 Periodic Table Application 28 2.10 Isotopes 29 3 Molecular Rearrangements 31 3.1 License Plate Sets 31 3.2 Chemical Permutations and Combinations 32 3.3 Formula Weight and Molecular Weight 34 3.4 Mole/Molecule Relationship 34 3.5 Pollutant Chemical Formulas 35 3.6 Stoichiometry 36 3.7 Limiting and Excess Reactants 36 3.8 Combustion of Chlorobenzene 37 3.9 Metal Alloy Calculation 39 3.10 Chemical Production 40 4 Concentration Terms 43 4.1 Density, Specific Gravity, and Bulk Density 43 4.2 Classes of Solution 45 4.3 Molality versus Molarity 45 4.4 Molar Relationships 46 4.5 Concentration Conversion 47 4.6 Chlorine Concentration 48 4.7 Trace Concentration 49 4.8 Ash Emission 50 4.9 Dilution Factor 51 4.10 Nano Exhaust to Atmosphere 52 4.11 Flue Gas Analysis 52 4.12 pH 53 5 Particle Size, Surface Area, and Volume 55 5.1 Sphere, Cube, Rectangular Parallelepiped, and Cylinder 56 5.2 Parallelogram, Triangle, and Trapezoid 57 5.3 Polygons 57 5.4 Elipse and Ellipsoid 58 5.5 Cones 58 5.6 Torus 59 5.7 Area to Volume Ratios 59 5.8 Area to Volume Calculation 60 5.9 Increase in Sphere Surface Area 60 5.10 Increase in Cube Surface Area 61 6 Materials Science Principles 63 6.1 Metals, Polymers, and Ceramics 63 6.2 Composites, Semiconductors, and Biomaterials 64 6.3 Crystal Coordination Numbers 64 6.4 Geometry of Metallic Unit Cells 70 6.5 Geometry of Ionic Unit Cells 75 6.6 Packing Factor 78 6.7 Density Calculation 80 6.8 Directions and Planes 83 6.9 Linear Density 88 6.10 Planar Density 90 7 Physical and Chemical Property Estimation 95 7.1 Property Differences 96 7.2 Material Selection 97 7.3 Vapor Pressure 97 7.4 Vapor Pressure Calculation 98 7.5 Heat of Vaporization From Vapor Pressure Data 99 7.6 Critical and Reduced Properties 100 7.7 Estimating Enthalpy of Vaporization 101 7.8 Viscosity 104 7.9 Thermal Conductivity 106 7.10 Thermal Conductivity Application 108 7.11 Nokay Equation and Lydersen’s Method 109 7.12 The Rihani and Doraiswamy Procedure, and the Lee–Kesler Equation 113 References: Part 1 117 PART 2: PARTICLE TECHNOLOGY 119 8 Nature of Particulates 121 8.1 Definition of Particulates 121 8.2 Dust, Smoke, and Fumes 122 8.3 Mist and Drizzle 123 8.4 Changing Properties 123 8.5 Dust Explosions 123 8.6 Adsorption and Catalytic Activity in the Atmosphere 125 8.7 Particle Size 125 8.8 Particle Volume and Surface Area 126 8.9 Volume/Surface Area Ratios 127 8.10 Particle Formation 128 9 Particle Size Distribution 131 9.1 Representative Sampling 131 9.2 Typical Particle Size Ranges 132 9.3 Particle Size Distribution and Concentration for Industrial Particulates 132 9.4 Particle Size Distribution 133 9.5 Median and Mean Particle Size 133 9.6 Standard Deviation 136 9.7 The Frequency Distribution Curve 137 9.8 The Cumulative Distribution Curve 138 9.9 The Normal Distribution 139 9.10 The Log Normal Distribution 141 9.11 Effect of Size Distribution on Cumulative Distribution Plots 143 9.12 Nanoparticle Size Variation With Time 145 10 Particle Sizing and Measurement Methods 151 10.1 Tyler and U.S. Standard Screens 152 10.2 Equivalent Diameter Terms 154 10.3 Aerodynamic Diameter 155 10.4 Sizing Devices 157 10.5 Rectangular Conduit Sampling 159 10.6 Volumetric Flow Rate Calculation 160 10.7 Particle Mass Flow Rate Calculation 162 10.8 Average Particle Concentration 163 10.9 Equal Annular Areas for Circular Ducts 164 10.10 Traverse Point Location in Circular Ducts 165 10.11 Duct Flow Equation Derivation 166 10.12 Source Characteristics and Variations 168 11 Fluid Particle Dynamics 171 11.1 The Gravitational Force 172 11.2 The Buoyant Force 172 11.3 The Drag Force 174 11.4 The Drag Coefficient 174 11.5 Equation of Particle Motion/Balance of Forces on a Particle 176 11.6 Particle Settling Velocity Equations 177 11.7 Determination of the Flow Regime 178 11.8 Settling Velocity Application 179 11.9 The Cunningham Correction Factor 180 11.10 Cunningham Correction Factor Values for Air at Atmospheric Pressure 181 11.11 Particle Settling Velocity – Different Regimes 182 11.12 Brownian Motion/Molecular Diffusion 186 12 Particle Collection Mechanisms 187 12.1 Gravity 188 12.2 Centrifugal Force 188 12.3 Inertial Impaction and Interception 190 12.4 Electrostatic Effects 192 12.5 Thermophoresis and Diffusiophoresis 193 12.6 Acceleration Effects 194 12.7 Brownian Motion/Molecular Diffusion Effects 194 12.8 Nonspherical Particles 196 12.9 Wall Effects 197 12.10 Multiparticle Effects 198 12.11 Multidimensional Flow 198 12.12 Collection Efficiency for Nanosized/Submicron Particles 199 13 Particle Collection Efficiency 201 13.1 Collection Efficiency: Loading Data 202 13.2 Collection Efficiency: Mass Rate 202 13.3 Efficiency of Multiple Collectors 204 13.4 Penetration 204 13.5 Collection Efficiency: Numbers Basis 205 13.6 Particle Size–Collection Efficiency Relationships 206 13.7 Collection Efficiency: Surface Area Basis 207 13.8 Particle Size Distribution/Size–Efficiency Calculation 208 13.9 Check for Emission Standards Compliance: Numbers Basis 210 13.10 Anderson 2000 Sampler 211 References: Part 2 215 PART 3: APPLICATIONS 217 14 Legal Considerations 219 14.1 Intellectual Property Law 219 14.2 Patents 220 14.3 Contract Law 220 14.4 Tort Law 221 14.5 Recent Patent Activity 222 14.6 Conservation Law For Mass 222 14.7 Conservation Law for Energy 224 14.8 The Second Law of Thermodynamics 226 14.9 Allowable Patent Application Claims 228 14.10 Practicing One’s Own Invention 229 15 Size Reduction 231 15.1 Size Reduction Objectives 231 15.2 Plasma-Based and Flame-Hydrolysis Methods 232 15.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition and Electrodeposition 233 15.4 Sol-Gel Processing 233 15.5 Mechanical Crushing 235 15.6 Promising Technologies 235 15.7 Energy and Power Requirements 236 15.8 Potential Dust Explosions With Size Reduction 238 15.9 Material Balance Size Reduction 238 15.10 Size Reduction Surface Area Increase 239 15.11 Fines Eductor Application 241 15.12 Fines Eductor Size Reduction 242 16 Prime Materials 245 16.1 Metals 246 16.2 Iron 246 16.3 Aluminum 247 16.4 Nickel 247 16.5 Silver 248 16.6 Gold 248 16.7 Iron Oxides 248 16.8 Aluminum Oxide 249 16.9 Zirconium Dioxide 249 16.10 Titanium Dioxide 250 16.11 Zinc Oxide 251 16.12 Silica Products 251 17 Production Manufacturing Routes 253 17.1 Carbon Nanotubes and Buckyballs 254 17.2 Semiconductor Manufacturing 255 17.3 Advanced Composites 256 17.4 Advanced Ceramics 258 17.5 Catalytic and Photocatalytic Applications 260 17.6 Gas Sensors and Other Analytical Devices 261 17.7 Consumer Products 262 17.8 Drug Delivery Mechanisms and Medical Therapeutics 262 17.9 Microelectronics Applications 264 17.10 Future Activites 264 18 Ventilation 267 18.1 Indoor Air Quality 268 18.2 Indoor Air/Ambient Air Comparison 269 18.3 Sources of Contaminents in Indoor Air 269 18.4 Industrial Ventilation System 271 18.5 Dilution Ventilation vs. Local Exhaust Systems 271 18.6 Ventilation Definitions 273 18.7 Air Exchange Rate 276 18.8 Accidental Emission 278 18.9 Dilution Ventilation Application 279 18.10 Vinyl Chloride Application 280 18.11 Ventilation Models 282 18.12 Minimum Ventilation Flowrate 286 19 Dispersion Considerations 289 19.1 Atmospheric Deposition Calculation 290 19.2 Ground Deposition of Particles 291 19.3 Plume Rise 293 19.4 Pasquill–Gifford Model 294 19.5 Ground-Level Particle Deposition 298 19.6 Line and Area Sources 300 19.7 Instantaneous “Puff” Model 303 19.8 Instantaneous “Puff” Sources 306 19.9 U.S. EPA Dispersion Models 307 19.10 Dispersion in Water Systems and Soils 308 19.11 Canal Concentration Profile 309 19.12 Accidenctal/Emergency Discharge into a Lake/Reservoir 311 20 Ethics 315 20.1 Determination of Ethical Values 315 20.2 Do’s and Don’ts 316 20.3 Codes of Ethics 316 20.4 The Heavy Metal Dilemma 317 20.5 Let Them Worry About It 319 20.6 It’s In the Air 321 20.7 Cheap at What Price 322 20.8 Safety Comes First 323 20.9 Intellectual Property 324 20.10 There’s No Such Thing as a Free Seminar 325 References: Part 3 327 PART 4: ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS 331 21 Environmental Regulations 333 21.1 The Regulatory System 334 21.2 Air Quality Issues 335 21.3 Particulate Loading 337 21.4 Clean Air Act Acronyms 339 21.5 Water Pollution Control 342 21.6 Water Quality Issues 343 21.7 Clean Water Act and PWPs 345 21.8 Wastewater Composition 346 21.9 Solid Waste Management Issues 348 21.10 Hazardous Waste Incinerator 349 21.11 Nanotechnology Environmental Regulations Overview 350 21.12 Nanotechnology Opponents 352 22 Toxicology 353 22.1 The Science of Toxicology 353 22.2 Toxicology Classifications 354 22.3 Routes of Exposure 354 22.4 Threshold Limit Value (TLV) 355 22.5 Toxicology Terminology 356 22.6 TLV vs. PEL 357 22.7 Toxicity Factors 357 22.8 OSHA and NIOSH 358 22.9 Toxicology Determination 359 22.10 IDLH and Lethal Level 359 22.11 Chemical Exposure 361 22.12 Threshold Limit Values 362 23 Noncarcinogens 365 23.1 Hazard Quotient 365 23.2 Reference Dose 366 23.3 Concept of Threshold 367 23.4 Exposure Duration Classification 368 23.5 Risk For Multiple Agents: Chronic Exposure 369 23.6 Risk for Multiple Agents: Subchronic Exposure 370 23.7 Multiple Exposure Pathways 371 23.8 MCL and RfD 372 23.9 Uncertainly and Modifying Factors 372 23.10 Calculating an RfD from NOAEL 373 23.11 Metal Plating Facility Application 374 23.12 Noncarcinogen Calculation Procedure 374 24 Carcinogens 377 24.1 Nonthreshold Concept 377 24.1 Weight of Evidence and Slope Factor 378 24.3 Carcinogenic Toxicity Values 380 24.4 Benzene in Water Application 381 24.5 Excess Lifetime Cancer Cases 382 24.6 Action Level 382 24.7 Accidental Spill 383 24.8 Uncertainties and Limitations 384 24.9 Multiple Chemical Agents and Exposure Pathways 385 24.10 Exponential Risk Model 386 24.11 Risk Algorithm 386 24.12 Risk Algorithm Application for Benzene 388 25 Health Risk Assessment 391 25.1 Risk Definitions 392 25.2 The Health Risk Evaluation Process 392 25.3 Standand Values for Individuals 394 25.4 Qualitative Risk Scenarios 395 25.5 Example of a Health Risk Assessment 396 25.6 Chemical Exposure in a Laboratory 397 25.7 Laboratory Spill 398 25.8 Respirators 399 25.9 Performance of a Carbon Cartridge Respirator 400 25.10 Sampling Program 402 26 Hazard Risk Assessment 407 26.1 Example of a Hazard 408 26.2 Risk Evaluation Process for Accidents 408 26.3 Plant and Process Safety 411 26.4 Series and Parallel Systems 412 26.5 Binomial Distribution 413 26.6 The Poisson Distribution 414 26.7 The Weibull Distribution 415 26.8 The Normal Distribution 416 26.9 Soil Contamination 419 26.10 Event Tree Analysis 420 26.11 Fault Tree Analysis 421 26.12 Upper and Lower Flamability Limits 425 27 Epidemiology 429 27.1 Historical View 429 27.2 Occupational Health 430 27.3 Descriptive Studies 431 27.4 Probability 432 27.5 Prevalence 432 27.6 Incidence Rate 433 27.7 The Mean 434 27.8 The Variance and the Standard Deviation 435 References: Part 4 437 Appendix Quantum Mechanics 439 Index 447

Rezension

"…not only be helpful for students of this relatively new science but students of several related sciences…and anyone in the field." (E-STREAMS, June 2007) "...would benefit students and engineers or scientists working with nanomaterials or those needing to brush up on general chemistry or who need a reference book on various chemistry calculations." (IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine, November/December 2006) "…the author has done an exceedingly good job at providing problems and their solutions." (Journal of Hazardous Materials, September 1, 2006)

Autorenportrait

LOUIS THEODORE, Eng. Sc.D., is a consultant for Theodore Tutorials, a company specializing in providing training solutions to industry, academia, and government. In addition to receiving awards from both the International Air and Waste Management Association and the American Society for Engineering Education, Dr. Theodore is the author/coauthor of numerous books, including Nanotechnology: Environmental Implications and Solutions; Introduction to Hazardous Waste Incineration, Second Edition; and Handbook of Chemical and Environmental Engineering Calculations (all published by Wiley).

Back cover copy

A practical workbook that bridges the gap between theory and practice in the nanotechnology field Because nanosized particles possess unique properties, nanotechnology is rapidly becoming a major interest in engineering and science. Nanotechnology: Basic Calculations for Engineers and Scientists—a logical follow-up to the author's previous text, Nanotechnology: Environmental Implications and Solutions—presents a practical overview of nanotechnology in a unique workbook format. The author has developed nearly 300 problems that provide a clear understanding of this growing field in four distinct areas of study: <ul> <li>Chemistry fundamentals and principles</li> <li>Particle technology</li> <li>Applications</li> <li>Environmental concerns</li> </ul> These problems have been carefully chosen to address the most important basic concepts, issues, and applications within each area, including such topics as patent evaluation, toxicology, particle dynamics, ventilation, risk assessment, and manufacturing. An introduction to quantum mechanics is also included in the Appendix. These stand-alone problems follow an orderly and logical progression designed to develop the reader's technical understanding. "This is certain to become the pacesetter in the field, a text to benefit both students of all technical disciplines and practicing engineers and researchers." —Dr. Howard Beim, Professor of Chemistry, U.S. Merchant Marine Academy "Dr. Theodore has covered most of the important nanotechnology subject matter in this ...work through simple, easy-to-follow problems." —John McKenna, President and CEO, ETS, Inc.