Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
FOREWORD 1
FOREWORD 2
PREFACE
Part I: Theory
1. 1 The Microscale Origin of the Seismoelectric Effect: Electrokinetics, Streaming Potential
  1. 1.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. REFERENCES
2. 2 The Governing Set of Coupled Seismo‐electromagnetic Equations
  1. 2.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 2.2 THEORY
  3. 2.3 CONCLUSIONS
  4. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  5. REFERENCES
3. 3 Green's Functions for Moment Tensor Sources Including the Double Couple Source
  1. 3.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 3.2 GREEN'S FUNCTIONS FOR POINT SOURCES
  3. 3.3 WAVE FIELDS DUE TO THE MOMENT TENSOR SOURCES
  4. 3.4 CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  6. REFERENCES
  7. APPENDIX: BULK WAVE SLOWNESSES AND COMPLEX AMPLITUDES OF THE GREEN'S FUNCTIONS
Part II: Laboratory Experiments
1. 4 Streaming Potential Measurements in Natural and Artificial Porous Samples
  1. 4.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 4.2 THEORETICAL BACKGROUND OF STREAMING POTENTIAL
  3. 4.3 SAMPLES AND STREAMING POTENTIAL MEASUREMENTS
  4. 4.4 PERMEABILITY DEPENDENCE OF STREAMING POTENTIAL COEFFICIENT IN POROUS MEDIA
  5. 4.5 ZETA POTENTIAL IN POROUS ROCKS IN CONTACT WITH MONOVALENT AND DIVALENT ELECTROLYTE AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
  6. 4.6 CONCLUSION
  7. REFERENCES
  8. APPENDIX: THE STERN POTENTIAL FOR 2:2 ELECTROLYTES IN CONTACT WITH A SOLID SURFACE
2. 5 Saturation Dependence of the Streaming Potential Coefficient
  1. 5.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 5.2 STATE OF THE ART
  3. 5.3 CROSS‐ANALYSIS OF STREAMING‐POTENTIAL DATA
  4. 5.4 IMPORTANCE OF THE INTERFACE WATER/AIR
  5. 5.5 CONSEQUENCES ON SEISMOELECTRIC CONVERSIONS FOR NONSATURATED CASES
  6. 5.6 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
3. 6 Seismoelectric Coupling Coefficients
  1. 6.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 6.2 CYLINDER AND PLATE ROCK SAMPLES
  3. 6.3 MEASUREMENTS OF SEISMOELECTRIC COUPLING COEFFICIENTS
  4. 6.4 CONCLUSIONS
  5. REFERENCES
4. 7 Laboratory Measurements of Coseismic Fields: Toward a Validation of Pride's Theory
  1. 7.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 7.2 THE TRANSFER FUNCTION APPROACH WITHIN PRIDE'S THEORY
  3. 7.3 SEISMOELECTRIC EXPERIMENTS DESIGN
  4. 7.4 COMPARISON OF SEISMOELECTRIC AND SEISMOMAGNETIC MEASUREMENTS
  5. 7.5 QUANTITATIVE VALIDATION OF PRIDE'S TRANSFER FUNCTIONS
  6. 7.6 CONCLUSIONS
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
5. 8 Water Saturated Rock Sample in Air
  1. 8.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 8.2 SEISMOELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS WITH CYLINDER ROCK SAMPLE
  3. 8.3 ELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS WITH A DRY CYLINDER ROCK SAMPLE
  4. 8.4 SEISMOELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS WITH A LAYERED MODEL
  5. 8.5 CONCLUSIONS
  6. REFERENCES
6. 9 Porous Rock Samples in Water
  1. 9.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 9.2 SEISMOELECTRIC MEASUREMNTS WITH DIFFERENT SAMPLES IN A WATER TANK
  3. 9.3 SEISMOELECTRIC MESUREMENTS WITH BEREA SANDSTONE SAMPLE
  4. 9.4 SEISMOELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS WITH A FRACTURED BOREHOLE MODEL
  5. 9.5 CONCLUSIONS
  6. REFERENCES
7. 10 Seismoelectric Conversion in a Sample With Anisotropic Permeability
  1. 10.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 10.2 ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL POROUS SAMPLES
  3. 10.3 SEISMOELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS WITH THE SAMPLES
  4. 10.4 COMPARISON OF SEISMOELECTRIC AMPLITUDES
  5. 10.5 CONCLUSIONS
  6. REFERENCES
8. 11 Scaled Physical Models: Layered Models
  1. 11a A Study of the Seismoelectric Effect of a Frozen‐Unfrozen Interface Based Upon Ultrasonic Experiment
    1. 11a.1. INTRODUCTION
    2. 11a.2. MODEL AND EXPERIMENT SETUP
    3. 11a.3. MEASUREMENTS
    4. 11a.4. CONCLUSIONS
    5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    6. REFERENCES
  2. 11b An Experimental Study to the Seismoelectric Responses of Unfrozen Water Content
    1. 11b.1. INTRODUCTION
    2. 11b.2. EXPERIMENT SETUP AND MEASUREMENT
    3. 11b.3. RESULT ANALYSIS
    4. 11b.4. CONCLUSIONS
    5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    6. REFERENCES
  3. 11c An Experimental Study of Rayleigh Waves Based on Seismoelectric Measurements
    1. 11c.1. Introduction
    2. 11c.2. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP AND DATA ANALYSIS
    3. 11c.3. HOMOGENEOUS HALF‐SPACE MODELS
    4. 11c.4. THE LATERAL INHOMOGENEOUS HALF‐SPACE MODEL
    5. 11c.5. CONCLUSIONS
    6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    7. REFERENCES
  4. 11d Scaled Layer Model
    1. 11d.1. INTRODUCTION
    2. 11d.2. LAYERED MODEL WITH LUCITE AND GLUED SAND
    3. 11d.3. SEISMOELECTRIC MEASUREMENTS
    4. 11d.4. CONCLUSION
    5. REFERENCE
9. 12 Scaled Physical Models: Borehole Models
  1. 12a Borehole Model in a Horizontally Layered Strata
    1. 12a.1 INTRODUCTION
    2. 12a.2 TWO‐LAYER BOREHOLE MODEL AND MEASUREMENTS
    3. 12a.3 THREE‐LAYER BOREHOLE MODEL AND MEASUREMENTS
    4. 12a.4 CONCLUSIONS
    5. REFERENCES
  2. 12b Borehole Model with Fractures
    1. 12b.1 INTRODUCTION
    2. 12b.2 MEASUREMENTS IN A BOREHOLE WITH A HORIZONTAL FRACTURE
    3. 12b.3 MEASUREMENTS IN A BOREHOLE WITH A VERTICAL FRACTURE
    4. 12b.4 CONCLUSIONS
    5. REFERENCES
10. 13 Experimental Study of Correlation Imaging With Seismoelectromagnetic Waves
  1. 13.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 13.2 EXPERIMENT 1: CIRCULAR CONFIGURATION
  3. 13.3 EXPERIMENT 2: LINEAR CONFIGURATION
  4. 13.4 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  6. REFERENCES
11. 14 Tool Wave in Acoustic Logging While Drilling
  1. 14.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 14.2 SCALED LWD TOOL
  3. 14.3 TOOL WAVES IN WATER
  4. 14.4 MEASUREMENTS IN ISOTROPIC BOREHOLE MODELS
  5. 14.5 CONCLUSIONS
  6. REFERENCES
12. 15 Multipole Seismoelectric Well Logging While Drilling
  1. 15.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 15.2 SCALED MULTIPOLE SEISMOELECTRIC LWD TOOL
  3. 15.3 SEISMOELECTRIC LWD MEASUREMENTS IN SANDSTONE BOREHOLE MODEL
  4. 15.4 CONCLUSIONS
  5. REFERENCES
Part III: Numerical Modeling
1. 16 Earthquake Sources: Moment Tensor Point Source
  1. 16.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 16.2 MATHEMATICAL FORMULATION
  3. 16.3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
  4. 16.4 CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSIONS
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  6. REFERENCES
  7. 16.A APPENDIX: VALIDATION OF THE FK ALGORITHM
2. 17 Earthquake Sources: Finite Fault Sources
  1. 17.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 17.2 SYNTHETIC WAVEFIELDS BY POINT SOURCE STACKING METHOD
  3. 17.3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
  4. 17.4 DISCUSSION
  5. 17.5 CONCLUSIONS
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
3. 18 Finite Element Modeling of Electroseismics and Seismoelectrics
  1. 18.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 18.2 SIMPLIFYING AND EXTENDING PRIDE'S EQUATIONS
  3. 18.3 DOMAIN DECOMPOSITION AND FINITE ELEMENTS FORMULATION
  4. 18.4 PARALLEL IMPLEMENTATION
  5. 18.5 CASE STUDY: CO₂ SEQUESTRATION
  6. 18.6 CONCLUSIONS
  7. REFERENCES
4. 19 Seismoelectric Signals Produced by Mesoscopic Heterogeneities
  1. 19.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 19.2 THEORY
  3. 19.3 INSIGHTS FROM 1D ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS
  4. 19.4 NUMERICAL STUDY OF FRACTURED ROCK SAMPLES
  5. 19.5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
5. 20 Evanescent EM Waves Generated by Seismoelectric Conversion at an Interface
  1. 20.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 20.2 NUMERICAL SIMULATION METHOD FOR A POINT SOURCE
  3. 20.3 NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
  4. 20.4 CONCLUSIONS
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS AND DATA
  6. REFERENCES
  7. APPENDIX 20A: FORMULAS FOR POROUS MEDIA
  8. APPENDIX 20B: FORMULAS FOR SOLID MATERIALS
Part IV: Field Experiments and Applications
1. 21 Design of Field Instrumentation and Noise Removal Techniques for Seismoelectric Measurements
  1. 21.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 21.2 NOISE SOURCES
  3. 21.3 SIGNAL BUFFERING
  4. 21.4 SPATIAL FILTERING EFFECTS OF A DIPOLE
  5. 21.5 SOLUTIONS TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF SEISMOELECTRIC DATA
  6. 21.6 CONCLUSIONS
  7. REFERENCES
2. 22 Seismoelectric Field Measurements in Unconsolidated Sediments in Comparison With Other Methods of Near‐Surface Prospecting
  1. 22.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 22.2 DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING FLOW
  3. 22.3 SEISMOELECTRIC INTERFACE RESPONSE IN COMPARISON WITH SEISMIC, GEOELECTRIC, AND GPR
  4. 22.4 DISCUSSION
  5. 22.5 CONCLUSIONS
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
3. 23 Investigating the Interfacial Seismoelectric Response at Field Scale
  1. 23.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 23.2 BRIEF INTRODUCTION TO PREVIOUS STUDIES ON INTERFACIAL SEISMOELECTRICS
  3. 23.3 SEISMOELECTRIC FIELD MEASUREMENTS
  4. 23.4 INVESTIGATION ON THE INTERFACE RESPONSE GENERATION AT THE FIRST FRESNEL ZONE
  5. 23.5 DISCUSSION
  6. 23.6 CONCLUSION
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
4. 24 Seismoelectric Characterization of Ice Sheets and Glaciers
  1. 24.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 24.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
  3. 24.3 SEISMOELECTRIC DATA ACQUISITION ON ICE SHEETS AND GLACIERS
  4. 24.4 ILLUSTRATIVE CASE STUDIES
  5. 24.5 DISCUSSION
  6. 24.6 CONCLUSIONS
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, SAMPLES, AND DATA
  8. REFERENCES
5. 25 Seismoelectric Ground Response to Local and Regional Earthquakes
  1. 25.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 25.2 INSTRUMENTATION AND FIELD DATA
  3. 25.3 THRESHOLD MAGNITUDE‐DISTANCE RELATIONSHIP
  4. 25.4 SEISMOELECTRIC SITE EFFECTS
  5. 25.5 DISCUSSION
  6. 25.6 CONCLUSIONS
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
6. 26 Electromagnetic Signals Associated With Earthquakes: A Review of Observations, Data Processing, and Mechanisms in China
  1. 26.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 26.2 OBSERVATIONS
  3. 26.3 DATA PROCESSING AND EMPIRICAL PREDICTION
  4. 26.4 MECHANISMS: SOME CONTROVERSIAL/CHALLENGING PROBLEMS IN SEMS
  5. 26.5 A PHYSICS‐BASED APPROACH
  6. 26.6 CONCLUSION
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
7. 27 Field Observations of the Seismo‐electromagnetic Effect Related to Earthquakes
  1. 27.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 27.2 MATERIALS AND METHODS
  3. 27.3 RESULTS
  4. 27.4 DISCUSSION
  5. 27.5 CONCLUSIONS
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
NOMENCLATURE
INDEX
End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 Parameters of the Porous Medium Used for the Calculation
2. Table 3.2 Velocities of the Four Body Waves of the Porous Medium at f = 0.1 H...
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Sample ID, Mineral Compositions and Microstructure Parameters of th...
2. Table 4.2 The Streaming Potential Coefficients ‐ SPC (in mV/bar) for Differen...
3. Table 4.3 The Zeta Potential of the Samples ‐ ζ^p(mV) Deduced From Equation (4...
4. Table 4.4 The Streaming Potential Coefficient, SPC (mV/bar), and the Effectiv...
5. Table 4.5 Zeta Potential for Different Electrolytes and Different Rocks (mV)
6. Table 4.6 Input Parameters Used in the Models
Chapter 5
1. Table 5.1 Streaming Potential Coefficient Behaviors as a Function of Water‐Sa...
2. Table 5.2 Parameters Used in Equations (5.19), (5.20), (5.21), and (5.22).
3. Table 5.3 Effective Properties for a Water/Air Mixture.
Chapter 7
1. Table 7.1 Parameters Used for the Computation of Seismoelectric Transfer Func...
2. Table 7.2 Comparison of Key Parameters in Field and Laboratory Seismoelectric...
Chapter 8
1. Table 8.1 Parameters of the Used Materials.
Chapter 9
1. Table 9.1 Parameters of Rock Samples and Materials.
Chapter 10
1. Table 10.1 Sample Properties of P‐Wave Velocities and Permeabilities in the X...
Chapter 11b
1. Table 11b.1 Model Physical and Measurement Layout Parameters
Chapter 11c
1. Table 11c.1 Source and Receiver Parameters
2. Table 11c.2 Homogeneous Medium Model Parameters
3. Table 11c.3 Model Parameters of the Lateral Inhomogeneous Model
4. Table 11c.4 The Trace Gathering Parameters for the Rayleigh Wave Dispersion A...
Chapter 12a
1. Table 12a.1 Physical parameters of the water‐saturated samples
Chapter 12b
1. Table 12b.1 Physical Parameters of Lucite and Slate
Chapter 13
1. Table 13.1 Identifying Events in the Averaged Cross Correlation Shown in Figu...
2. Table 13.2 Identifying Events in the Averaged Cross Correlation Shown in Figu...
Chapter 16
1. Table 16.1 Parameters Used for Calculation
Chapter 17
1. Table 17.1 Parameters of the Porous Medium Used for the Calculation
Chapter 18
1. Table 18.1 Values of Model Parameters Used in the Present Work
2. Table 18.2 Dissimilar Model Parameters for the Top, Seal, and Bottom Layers
3. Table 18.3 Computation Times, Speedup and Parallel Efficiency When Solving a ...
Chapter 19
1. Table 19.1 Material Properties Employed in This Work
Chapter 20
1. Table 20.1 Properties of the Used Solid Materials
2. Table 20.2 Properties of the Used Porous Materials
3. Table 20.3 Critical Incident Angleθ_c (Degree) and Corresponding Critical...
Chapter 22
1. Table 22.1 Acquisition Parameters of the SE Survey at Location Lutzhorn (Sect...
2. Table 22.2 Acquisition Parameters of the Seismic, GPR, and Geoelectric Measur...
3. Table 22.3 Results of P Wave Seismic, Geoelectric, and GPR Depth Sounding at ...
Chapter 25
1. Table 25.1 Attributes of Recording Stations in Costa Rica, Chile, and Norway
2. Table 25.2 Attributes of the M_W8.1 Pisagua Earthquake from 1 April 2014 and T...
3. Table 25.3 Epicentral Distances and Backazimuths Between the M_W8.1 Pisagua Ea...
Appendix 1
1. Table A1 Nomenclature of the Nonmechanical Medium Parameters
2. Table A2 Nomenclature of the Mechanical Medium Parameters
3. Table A3 Nomenclature of the (Measured) Field Quantities and Source Types

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Sketch explaining the electrical double layer (EDL), which forms ...
2. Figure 1.2 Schematic illustration of the three types of seismoelectric coupl...
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Seismoelectric numerical reciprocity tests using ESSEMOD, for a m...
2. Figure 2.2 Transmission experiment with the seismic source located in Well A...
3. Figure 2.3 Seismic beamforming at the saturation front, and the resulting el...
4. Figure 2.4 Determination of the position of the oil/water interface using a ...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Definition of the cosines , , and in spherical coordinates. S...
2. Figure 3.2 Nine components of moment tensor M_jk and their equivalent body fo...
3. Figure 3.3 Geometry of 3D radiation patterns due to a double couple source M
4. Figure 3.4 Geometry of 3D radiation patterns due to a double couple source M
5. Figure 3.5 Comparison between the far field (dash line), the intermediate fi...
6. Figure 3.6 Comparison between the far field (dash line), the intermediate fi...
7. Figure 3.7 Geometry of 3D radiation patterns for (a) electric near field and...
8. Figure 3.8 The 2D radiation patterns for (a) electric near field and (b) mag...
9. Figure 3.9 Waveforms (a–c) of the solid displacement u at point B.
10. Figure 3.10 Waveforms (a–c) of the electric field E at point B. The EM wave ...
11. Figure 3.11 Waveforms (a–c) of the magnetic field H at point B. The EM wave ...
12. Figure 3.12 Locations of the observation points C (θ = 0°) and D (θ = 45°) i...
13. Figure 3.13 Waveforms of u₁, E₁, and H₂ at point C. The EM wave has been amp...
14. Figure 3.14 Waveforms of u₁, E₁, and H₂ (a–c) at point D. The electric field...
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Development of streaming potential when an electrolyte is pumped ...
2. Figure 4.2 Schematic illustration of streaming potential measurement when an...
3. Figure 4.3 Experimental setup for streaming potential measurements: (1) Core...
4. Figure 4.4 Core holder: (1) Sample; (2) silicone sleeve; (3) conical stainle...
5. Figure 4.5 Streaming potential as a function of pressure difference for Bere...
6. Figure 4.6 Streaming potential coefficient versus permeability for Berea sam...
7. Figure 4.7 Streaming potential coefficient versus permeability for artificia...
8. Figure 4.8 The zeta potential at different electrolyte concentrations for Be...
9. Figure 4.9 The ratio of streaming potential coefficient and zeta potential v...
10. Figure 4.10 Effective conductivity versus permeability for the Berea samples...
11. Figure 4.11 The ratios of streaming potential coefficient and zeta potential...
12. Figure 4.12 The value of the SPC (|C₀|) as a function of electrolytes.
13. Figure 4.13 The value of the zeta potential as a function of electrolytes.
14. Figure 4.14 The value of the zeta potential as a function of electrolytes fo...
15. Figure 4.15 The value of the zeta potential as a function of electrolytes fo...
16. Figure 4.16 Zeta potential as a function of electrolyte concentration from t...
17. Figure 4.17 The zeta potential as a function of binding constant for cation ...
18. Figure 4.18 The zeta potential as a function of pH obtained from published m...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 (a) Normalized streaming potential coefficient C_s0(S_w) = C_s0(S_w =...
2. Figure 5.2 (a) SPC measured during a drainage of a sand, on six dipoles with...
3. Figure 5.3 Streaming potential coefficient measured for sample E3 (black cir...
4. Figure 5.4 Streaming potential measured with brine/nitrogen on St Bees sampl...
5. Figure 5.5 Experimental apparatus from (a) Mboh et al. (2012), (b) Linde et ...
6. Figure 5.6 Measured and computed pressure heads time‐series, water saturatio...
7. Figure 5.7 (a) Raw SP measurements during the drainage experiment from Mboh ...
8. Figure 5.8 Total water pressure differences ΔP inferred from computed h time...
9. Figure 5.9 Measured SP from Linde et al. (2007) during the drainage experime...
10. Figure 5.10 Measured SP differences from Mboh et al. (2012) drainage experim...
11. Figure 5.11 Step‐by‐step drainage and imbibition experiment performed with t...
12. Figure 5.12 Streaming potential coefficient curves inferred from Mboh et al....
13. Figure 5.13 Electric double layer, first published in (Glover & Jackson, 201...
14. Figure 5.14 Streaming potential coefficient from data collected (in absolute...
15. Figure 5.15 Electric double layer at the interface gas/water (from Takahashi...
16. Figure 5.16 Interfacial areas matrix/water measured during drainage experime...
17. Figure 5.17 Interfacial area water/air measured during drainage experiments ...
18. Figure 5.18 Schematic variations of the cohesive stress as a function of the...
19. Figure 5.19 Streaming potential coefficient simulated in a capillary channel...
20. Figure 5.20 Streaming potential coefficient simulated in a capillary channel...
21. Figure 5.21 Streaming potential coefficient simulated in a capillary channel...
22. Figure 5.22 Comparison of the mean amplitudes of the interface response indu...
23. Figure 5.23 Electric field interface response E‐IR dependence on the thickne...
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 (a) Cylindrical core sample and (b) plate sample with the Ag/AgCl...
2. Figure 6.2 Experimental system for measuring streaming potential. The vertic...
3. Figure 6.3 DC coupling coefficients of the rock sample (Berea sandstone 500)...
4. Figure 6.4 The schematic diagram of the measurement system at a high frequen...
5. Figure 6.5 Schematic diagram of the calibration of the acoustic pressures ex...
6. Figure 6.6 Typical acoustic waveforms received with the hydrophone (B & K 81...
7. Figure 6.7 The acoustic pressures of the acoustic field measured at the posi...
8. Figure 6.8 Typical electric signals induced by five‐cycle acoustic sine burs...
9. Figure 6.9 Measured DC coupling coefficients (solid triangles on the left si...
10. Figure 6.10 Measured seismoelectric voltage coupling coefficients for Berea ...
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 Magnitudes of dynamic transfer functions of slow P (ψ_Ps), fa...
2. Figure 7.2 Linearity of the coseismic effect in Fontainebleau sand for varia...
3. Figure 7.3 Comparison of seismoelectric waveforms (main figure) and maximum ...
4. Figure 7.4 Comparison of local SE measurements (in black) with their reconst...
5. Figure 7.5 Seismoelectric potential difference measured as a function of the...
6. Figure 7.6 Seismic, seismoelectric, and seismomagnetic signals recorded alon...
7. Figure 7.7 Seismoelectric transfer function as a function of fluid's conduct...
8. Figure 7.8 Theoretical and experimental seismoelectric transfer function as ...
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 Diagram of the experimental setup for measuring the electric fiel...
2. Figure 8.2 (a) Seismoelectric signals generated by a P‐wave transducer in a ...
3. Figure 8.3 Electric signals generated by a P‐wave transducer in the dr...
4. Figure 8.4 (a) Diagram of a layered model with (top) a Lucite block and (bot...
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Schematic diagram of the seismoelectric measurements in a water t...
2. Figure 9.2 Received acoustic waveform (trace 1 with blue line) and electric ...
3. Figure 9.3 Acoustic waveforms recorded by the measurement hydrophone near th...
4. Figure 9.4 Electric signals recorded with the measurement electrodes V1 (dot...
5. Figure 9.5 The electric signals induced by a 70‐kHz single acoustic pulse in...
6. Figure 9.6 Borehole model with a fracture between sandstone and Lucite block...
7. Figure 9.7 (a) Seismoelectric signal and (b) acoustic wave recorded in the b...
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Photos of (a) the porous sample, (b) its horizontal side and (c)...
2. Figure 10.2 Photos of the Berea sandstone 500 and 100 samples. The size of t...
3. Figure 10.3 Schematic of acoustic and seismoelectric measurement system in a...
4. Figure 10.4 Acoustic waveform (trace 1 with blue line) and electric signals ...
5. Figure 10.5 Acoustic waveform (trace 1 with blue line) and electric signals ...
6. Figure 10.6 Acoustic waveform (trace 1 with blue line) and electric signals ...
7. Figure 10.7 Normalized seismoelectric amplitudes of the artificial porous sa...
8. Figure 10.8 Normalized seismoelectric amplitudes of the Berea sandstone 500 ...
9. Figure 10.9 Normalized seismoelectric amplitudes of the artificial porous sa...
10. Figure 10.10 Normalized seismoelectric amplitudes of the Berea 500 and 100 s...
Chapter 11a
1. Figure 11a.1 The frozen‐unfrozen interface model and experimental setup for ...
2. Figure 11a.2 The ultrasonic waveforms received by an transducer with 48 kHz ...
3. Figure 11a.3 Seismoelectric signals received by the six electrodes before th...
4. Figure 11a.4 Seismoelectric signals received by the six electrodes just at t...
5. Figure 11a.5 Seismoelectric signals received by the electrodes after 8 hours...
Chapter 11b
1. Figure 11b.1 The frozen‐thawing model and experiment setup
2. Figure 11b.2 The (a) temperature and (b) unfrozen water content of Qing‐Cang...
3. Figure 11b.3 The seismoelectric signals of Qing‐Cang frozen soil model measu...
4. Figure 11b.4 The seismoelectric signals of Qing‐Cang frozen soil model measu...
5. Figure 11b.5 The temperature and unfrozen water content of Chengdu clay soil...
6. Figure 11b.6 The seismoelectric signals of Chengdu clay soil model measured ...
7. Figure 11b.7 The seismoelectric signals of Chengdu clay soil model measured ...
Chapter 11c
1. Figure 11c.1 The experimental setup and models for multichannel analysis of ...
2. Figure 11c.2 The records and the dispersion analysis image of the Rayleigh w...
3. Figure 11c.3 The records and the dispersion analysis image of the Rayleigh w...
4. Figure 11c.4 The records and the dispersion analysis image of the Rayleigh w...
5. Figure 11c.5 The records and the dispersion analysis Rayleigh wave images fo...
6. Figure 11c.6 The records and the dispersion analysis Rayleigh wave images fo...
7. Figure 11c.7 The records and the dispersion analysis Rayleigh wave images fo...
8. Figure 11c.8 The acoustic records and dispersion analysis images for the lat...
9. Figure 11c.9 The acoustic records and dispersion analysis images for the lat...
10. Figure 11c.10 The seismoelectric record and dispersion analysis images for t...
Chapter 11d
1. Figure 11d.1 A layered model with epoxy‐glued sand and Lucite block saturate...
2. Figure 11d.2 Seismoelectric signals are recorded with the electrodes, which ...
Chapter 12a
1. Figure 12a.1 Diagram of a layered borehole model and measurements of the sei...
2. Figure 12a.2 (a) Acoustic waveforms and (b) seismoelectric signals recorded ...
3. Figure 12a.3 Diagram for measuring the seismoelectric field in the borehole ...
4. Figure 12a.4 shows the electric signals (Fig. 12a.4b) and the acoustic waves...
5. Figure 12a.5 The (a) acoustic wave and (b) electric signals in the Lucite‐sa...
Chapter 12b
1. Figure 12b.1 A water‐saturated borehole model with a horizontal fracture bet...
2. Figure 12b.2 Acoustic waveforms generated and received by a monopole transdu...
3. Figure 12b.3 Seismoelectric signals generated by a monopole source in a bore...
4. Figure 12b.4 Diagram of the (a) vertical and (b) horizontal positions of the...
5. Figure 12b.5 Seismomagnetic signals generated by a monopole source in the bo...
6. Figure 12b.6 A water‐saturated borehole model with a horizontal fracture bet...
7. Figure 12b.7 Acoustic waveforms generated and received by monopole transduce...
8. Figure 12b.8 Seismoelectric signals generated by a monopole source in a bore...
9. Figure 12b.9 Seismomagnetic signals generated by a monopole source in the bo...
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 A top view of the experimental setup. As the transmitter (shown ...
2. Figure 13.2 Measured pressure field in the fluid when the transmitter is fac...
3. Figure 13.3 Schematic image of the setup and acoustic rays for the measured ...
4. Figure 13.4 Measured electric potential in the fluid when the transmitter is...
5. Figure 13.5 Ray paths of the events displayed in the measured electric poten...
6. Figure 13.6 Measured electric potential in the fluid. The piezoelectric fiel...
7. Figure 13.7 Measured pressure wave field in the fluid, as the transmitter ro...
8. Figure 13.8 A magnified view of the recorded pressure field in water. The tw...
9. Figure 13.9 Measured electric potential in the fluid, as the transmitter rot...
10. Figure 13.10 A magnified view of the seismoelectric interface response.
11. Figure 13.11 Correlation function of recorded pressure and electric field, a...
12. Figure 13.12 Experimental setup for interferometry: Linear configuration. As...
13. Figure 13.13 Recorded pressure field. The first event observed at 70 μs...
14. Figure 13.14 Recorded pressure fields for different source positions. The fi...
15. Figure 13.15 A magnified view of the recorded pressure field.
16. Figure 13.16 Original recorded electric field. The first event arriving at 5...
17. Figure 13.17 Recorded electric field after filtering the piezoelectric field...
18. Figure 13.18 Recorded electric field for different source positions.
19. Figure 13.19 Seismoelectric interface response for different source position...
20. Figure 13.20 Schematic image of the ray paths. Solid lines represent the pre...
21. Figure 13.21 Correlation function of recorded pressure and electric field, a...
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Schematic of a scaled multipole logging tool with a source and s...
2. Figure 14.2 Schematic diagram of the working mode and data processing for th...
3. Figure 14.3 Schematic of the measurements in a water tank (a) without and (b...
4. Figure 14.4 Acoustic waveforms and their semblance plots in the time domain ...
5. Figure 14.5 The original waveforms generated by a monopole source in a Lucit...
6. Figure 14.6 Acoustic waveforms and their semblance plots in time domain when...
7. Figure 14.7 Acoustic waveforms and their semblance plots in the time domain ...
8. Figure 14.8 Acoustic waveforms and their semblance plots in the time domain ...
9. Figure 14.9 Acoustic waveforms and their semblance plots in the time domain ...
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Schematic of a scaled multipole seismoelectric logging tool with...
2. Figure 15.2 Schematic of the seismoelectric measurements in the sandstone bo...
3. Figure 15.3 Seismoelectric signals and their semblance plots in the time dom...
Chapter 16
1. Figure 16.1 A half‐space geological model. The earthquake source is located ...
2. Figure 16.2 Normalized waveforms of the solid displacement u_x of the 10 rece...
3. Figure 16.3 Normalized waveforms of the electric field E_x of the 10 receiver...
4. Figure 16.4 Normalized waveforms of the magnetic field B_y of the 10 receiver...
5. Figure 16.5 Comparison (a), (b), and (c) of the displacements and electric f...
6. Figure 16.6 Comparison (a), (b), and (c) of the displacements and magnetic f...
7. Figure 16.7 Three‐layer model: The earthquake source is located at the depth...
8. Figure 16.8 Waveforms (a), (b), and (c) of the solid displacements at the re...
9. Figure 16.9 Waveforms (a), (b), and (c) of the electric fields at the receiv...
10. Figure 16.10 Waveforms (a), (b), and (c) of the magnetic fields at the recei...
11. Figure 16.11 Comparison (a), (b), and (c) between the waveforms of the displ...
12. Figure 16.12 Comparison (a), (b), and (c) between the waveforms of the displ...
13. Figure 16.13 Comparison (a), (b), and (c) between the waveforms of the displ...
14. Figure 16.14 Variation of the magnetic fields (B_y) of the early EM signals a...
15. Figure 16.A1 Comparison (a), (b), and (c) of the seismic displacements resul...
16. Figure 16.A2 Comparison (a), (b), and (c) of the electric fields resulting f...
17. Figure 16.A3 Comparison (a), (b), and (c) of the magnetic fields resulting f...
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 Geometry and discretization of the fault surface in the Earth su...
2. Figure 17.2 A homogeneous half‐space model used for numerical simulation. A ...
3. Figure 17.3 Snapshots of the displacement in the space domain (x ∈ [0 km, 38...
4. Figure 17.4 Waveforms of the displacement in the time domain at two receivin...
5. Figure 17.5 Snapshots of the magnetic field in the space domain (x ∈ [0 km, ...
6. Figure 17.6 Waveforms of the magnetic field in the time domain at two receiv...
7. Figure 17.7 Snapshots of the electric field in the space domain (x ∈ [0 km, ...
8. Figure 17.8 Waveforms of the horizontal electric field E_x in the time domain...
9. Figure 17.9 Waveforms of the horizontal electric field E_y in the time domain...
10. Figure 17.10 Waveforms of the vertical electric field E_z in the time domain ...
11. Figure 17.11 Waveforms of the electric field in the time domain at two recei...
Chapter 18
1. Figure 18.1 The saturation function employed to model the saturation‐depen...
2. Figure 18.2 Electromagnetic equations case. (a) The computational domain Ω =...
3. Figure 18.3 Biot's equations case. (a) The computational domain is only the ...
4. Figure 18.4 Each one of the displayed figures involves two layers, namely bo...
5. Figure 18.5 The CO₂ geological deposition model. The electromagnetic source ...
6. Figure 18.6 Well #1 x component acceleration gather, (a) before CO₂ pumping ...
7. Figure 18.7 Well #1 z component acceleration gather, (a) before CO₂ pumping,...
8. Figure 18.8 Well #1 acceleration traces, (a) x component and (b) z component...
9. Figure 18.9 Well #1 acceleration traces, (a) x component and (b) z component...
10. Figure 18.10 Comparison of Well #1 and Well #2 solid acceleration traces, fo...
11. Figure 18.11 Surface acceleration traces, z component, (a) before pumping CO
12. Figure 18.12 Surface acceleration traces, z component, taken at 260 m offset...
13. Figure 18.13 Surface acceleration traces, (a) x component and (b) z componen...
Chapter 19
1. Figure 19.1 Schematic representation of the oscillatory compressibility test...
2. Figure 19.2 (a) Amplitude of relative fluid velocity dw/dt; (b) amplitude of...
3. Figure 19.3 Electrical potential differences Δφ between an electrode lo...
4. Figure 19.4 Amplitude of the electrical potential along the y axis as a func...
5. Figure 19.5 Seismoelectric response of a sample containing a fracture at its...
6. Figure 19.6 Seismoelectric dependence on pore‐water electrical conductivity....
7. Figure 19.7 (a) Synthetic rock sample used as the basis to study the seismoe...
8. Figure 19.8 Vertical cuts of the electrical potential at the center (x = 3 c...
9. Figure 19.9 Dependence of seismoelectric signals on fracture length. (a), (d...
10. Figure 19.10 Dependence of seismoelectric signal on fracture orientation. (a...
11. Figure 19.11 Dependence of seismoelectric signal on fracture density. (a), (...
12. Figure 19.12 Left column: Rock samples used to test the effect of fracture c...
13. Figure 19.13 Total energy converted to seismoelectric signal in one period a...
Chapter 20
1. Figure 20.1 Configuration of the special low‐porosity solid‐porous two‐layer...
2. Figure 20.2 Analytical solutions for Array 1 receivers located at a depth of...
3. Figure 20.3 Numerical solutions for Array 1 receivers located at a depth of
4. Figure 20.4 Analytical solutions for Array 2 receivers located at a depth of...
5. Figure 20.5 Numerical solutions for Array 2 receivers located at a depth of
6. Figure 20.6 Configuration of the ordinary solid‐porous two‐layer model, whic...
7. Figure 20.7 Time slice snapshots at t =12 s, which show x components of seis...
8. Figure 20.8 Time slice snapshots at t =12 s, which show y components of seis...
9. Figure 20.9 Time slice snapshots at t =12 s, which show z components of seis...
10. Figure 20.10 Time slice snapshots at t = 12 s, which show x components of se...
11. Figure 20.11 Time slice snapshots at t = 15 s which show x components of sei...
12. Figure 20.12 Time slice snapshots at t =15 s, which show y components of sei...
13. Figure 20.13 Time slice snapshots at t =15 s, which show z components of sei...
14. Figure 20.14 Time slice snapshots at t =15 s, which show x components of sei...
15. Figure 20.15 Configuration of the two‐layer porous model consisting of p₃ an...
16. Figure 20.16 Time slice snapshots at t = 0.06 s, which show the seismic and ...
17. Figure 20.17 The u_x, E_x, and B_y wave fields recorded by an array of 31 recei...
18. Figure 20.18 The seismic and EM wave fields recorded in the time window of 0...
19. Figure 20.19 The evanescent EM waves recorded by an array of 33 receivers th...
20. Figure 20.20 Configuration of the four‐layer half‐space model. The rupture s...
21. Figure 20.21 Seismic and EM wave fields calculated for the receiver A_rec (40...
22. Figure 20.22 Seismic and EM wave fields calculated for the receiver A_rec (40...
Chapter 21
1. Figure 21.1 Warburg electrode model.
2. Figure 21.2 Frequency response of stainless‐steel electrodes given the Warbu...
3. Figure 21.3 Thermal noise of contact resistance.
4. Figure 21.4 Equivalent circuit for dipole connected directly to a seismograp...
5. Figure 21.5 Frequency response for varying source impedance connected to a s...
6. Figure 21.6 Frequency response for varying cable length with a source resist...
7. Figure 21.7 Simplified schematic of a step‐up transformer for voltage gain....
8. Figure 21.8 Comparison of the frequency response between one‐half of a diffe...
9. Figure 21.9 Equivalent circuit for the load impedance presented by the cable...
10. Figure 21.10 Impact of increases in source resistance Rq on the attenuation ...
11. Figure 21.11 Warburg electrode model with cable and RFI source.
12. Figure 21.12 System response for direct connection to seismograph with no RF...
13. Figure 21.13 Nonlinearities in preamplifier stage represented by a diode.
14. Figure 21.14 System response for increasing contact resistance R_q. The SNR o...
15. Figure 21.15 Two op‐amp differential amplifier design suitable for seismoele...
16. Figure 21.16 Preamplifier response to RFI contaminated sinusoid presented pr...
17. Figure 21.17 Preamplifier response to RFI contaminated seismogram. The origi...
18. Figure 21.18 Influence of dipole length on magnitude of potential difference...
19. Figure 21.19 Effects of the dipole length on the spectrum of the seismoelect...
20. Figure 21.20 Notch filtering caused by length of the measurement dipole.
21. Figure 21.21 Single shot gather with receivers at (a) 4 m spacing versus (b)...
22. Figure 21.22 Illustration of sudden degradation in harmonic noise cancelatio...
23. Figure 21.23 Stacked harmonic noise n(t) obtained by adding two sinusoids th...
Chapter 22
1. Figure 22.1 (a) Seismoelectric and (b) seismic shot gathers. Coseismic SE ar...
2. Figure 22.2 Instrumentation of near‐surface seismoelectric field measurement...
3. Figure 22.3 Effect of different trigger mechanisms on SE records at short tr...
4. Figure 22.4 Location map of the investigated sites in N and NE Germany.
5. Figure 22.5 (a) Electric resistivity depth section of location Lutzhorn (sec...
6. Figure 22.6 (a) SE shot gathers of location Lutzhorn (top) showing clear IR ...
7. Figure 22.7 (a) GPR and seismic (b) depth sections of location Menzlin (sect...
8. Figure 22.8 SE shot gathers of location Menzlin showing clear IR arrivals (r...
9. Figure 22.9 From left to right: geological profile, depth profiles of electr...
10. Figure 22.10 (a) Synthetic SE shot gather for the subsurface model of locati...
Chapter 23
1. Figure 23.1 Bird's‐eye view and location of test site Schillerslage. The mai...
2. Figure 23.2 (a) Lithology profiles of the Schillerslage test site from geolo...
3. Figure 23.3 Instrumentation at test site Schillerslage. Seismic and SE profi...
4. Figure 23.4 (a) Normalized seismic records acquired on the main WE profile a...
5. Figure 23.5 (a) Seismic records acquired at station 146 m from a sledgehamme...
6. Figure 23.6 Field acquisition normalized over 19 stacks; seismic amplitudes ...
7. Figure 23.7 Treatment of a SE recording obtained with the WD‐36 kg source at...
8. Figure 23.8 Treatment of a SE recording obtained with the SH‐5 kg hammer sou...
9. Figure 23.9 Summary for best‐fitting depth h collected on interfacial SE dat...
10. Figure 23.10 Summary for best‐fitting P_A parameters collected on interfacial...
Chapter 24
1. Figure 24.1 Two electrical self‐potential (SP) surveys on the Rhonegletscher...
2. Figure 24.2 Instantaneous amplitudes of electrical noise generated by a rogu...
3. Figure 24.3 (a) Photograph of the snow pit wall and the 24 channel seismic c...
4. Figure 24.4 (a) Photograph of the Grubengletscher, Valais, Switzerland, with...
5. Figure 24.5 Seismoelectric sounding experiment at the cold‐dry high–Alpine G...
Chapter 25
1. Figure 25.1 Maps of earthquake epicenters from the ISC catalog and recording...
2. Figure 25.2 Location map of the CX network of the Integrated Plate boundary ...
3. Figure 25.3 (a) Number of earthquakes in different categories for three nois...
4. Figure 25.4 Radial components of (a) electric field E_r and (b) ground accele...
5. Figure 25.5 Transverse components of (a) electric field E_t and (b) ground ac...
6. Figure 25.6 Scaling factors between electric and seismic envelopes of radial...
7. Figure 25.7 Radial components of electric field E_r (a, e), ground accelerati...
8. Figure 25.8 Transversal components of electric field E_t (a, e), ground accel...
Chapter 26
1. Figure 26.1 Sketch configuration of apparent resistivity observation in Chin...
2. Figure 26.2 Distribution of the national geoelectric stations in the mainlan...
3. Figure 26.3 Distribution of national geomagnetic stations (marked by triangl...
4. Figure 26.4 Spatial distribution of geomagnetic stations and earthquake epic...
5. Figure 26.5 Temporal variation of energy of H component. From the top panel ...
6. Figure 26.6 Temporal variation of energy of Z component. From the top panel ...
7. Figure 26.7 Temporal variation of energy at SKS station and reference statio...
8. Figure 26.8 Temporal variation of contribution (percentage) of each principl...
9. Figure 26.9 Spatial distribution of the contour of the relative changes (%) ...
10. Figure 26.10 Map in and around Wenchuan. The star indicates the epicenter of...
11. Figure 26.11 Apparent resistivity changes before the 2008 Wenchuan earthquak...
12. Figure 26.12 (a) A sketch figure of the crystals in the rock with a weak pre...
13. Figure 26.13 (a) A two‐layer model with an explosion source near the free su...
14. Figure 26.14 The waveform of E_x (the horizontal x component of electric fiel...
15. Figure 26.15 A sketch model consists of ocean‐land distribution, land resist...
16. Figure 26.16 Electric field distribution on the surface (modified from Huang...
17. Figure 26.17 An integrated research scheme toward a physics‐based study on s...
Chapter 27
1. Figure 27.1 Schematic diagram of multiple component electromagnetic field ob...
2. Figure 27.2 Locations of the electromagnetic field observation sites (●) in ...
3. Figure 27.3 Typical waveform of the pulse‐like particular signals for three ...
4. Figure 27.4 The Tohoku earthquake, magnitude 9.0, occurred on 11 March 2011....
5. Figure 27.5 Evolution of the cumulative number N1(t), N2(t), N3(t) for B‐1, ...
6. Figure 27.6 Sample waveform of events having the primary phase (P in the fig...

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221 Terrestrial Water Cycle and Climate Change Natural and Human‐Induced Impacts Qiuhong Tang and Taikan Oki (Eds.)

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Geophysical Monograph Series

Seismoelectric Exploration

Theory, Experiments, and Applications