Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
List of Contributors
Preface
Part I: The Earth Magnetosphere
1. 1 A Brief History of the Magnetosphere
  1. 1.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 1.2 BRITISH WORK IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
  3. 1.3 SCANDINAVIAN WORK IN THE NINEETEENTH CENTURY
  4. 1.4 SCHISM
  5. 1.5 CHAPMAN–FERRARO: A CAVITY IN A STREAM OF CHARGED PARTICLES FROM THE SUN
  6. 1.6 ALFVÉN: THEORY OF STORMS AND THE ADVENT OF MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS
  7. 1.7 THE SPACE AGE BEGINS
  8. 1.8 DUNGEY: THE OPEN MAGNETOSPHERE
  9. 1.9 PARTICLE TRANSPORT IN THE OPEN MODEL
  10. 1.10 CONCLUDING REMARKS
  11. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  12. REFERENCES
2. 2 Large‐Scale Structure and Dynamics of the Magnetosphere
  1. 2.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 2.2 THE SOLAR WIND INPUT
  3. 2.3 BOW SHOCK, MAGNETOSHEATH, AND FORESHOCK
  4. 2.4 MAGNETOPAUSE
  5. 2.5 CUSPS
  6. 2.6 MAGNETOTAIL
  7. 2.7 INNER MAGNETOSPHERE: RING CURRENT, RADIATION BELTS, AND PLASMASPHERE
  8. 2.8 THE RESPONSE OF THE MAGNETOSPHERE TO A DYNAMIC SOLAR WIND
  9. 2.9 CONCLUSION
  10. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  11. REFERENCES
3. 3 The Equations of the Magnetosphere
  1. 3.1 THOUGHTS ON EQUATIONS
  2. 3.2 BASIC EQUATIONS
  3. 3.3 KINETIC THEORY
  4. 3.4 FLUID THEORY AND MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS
  5. 3.5 TEST PARTICLE MODELS
  6. 3.6 SUMMARY
  7. 3.7 CONCLUSIONS
  8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  9. REFERENCES
Part II: Fundamental Processes
1. 4 Magnetic Reconnection in the Near‐Earth Magnetotail
  1. 4.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 4.2 IN SITU OBSERVATIONS OF MAGNETIC RECONNECTION
  3. 4.3 SUBSTORM‐ASSOCIATED MAGNETIC RECONNECTION
  4. 4.4 MICROSCOPIC VIEW OF MAGNETIC RECONNECTION IN THE MAGNETOTAIL
  5. 4.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
2. 5 Turbulence and Complexity of Magnetospheric Plasmas
  1. 5.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 5.2 LESSONS LEARNED FROM STUDIES OF SOLAR WIND TURBULENCE
  3. 5.3 TURBULENCE AND COMPLEXITY IN KEY MAGNETOSPHERIC REGIONS
  4. 5.4 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  6. REFERENCES
3. 6 Wave–Particle Interactions in the Earth’s Magnetosphere
  1. 6.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 6.2 THE GLOBAL DISTRIBUTION AND PROPERTIES OF MAGNETOSPHERIC WAVES
  3. 6.3 QUASI‐LINEAR MODELING OF RADIATION BELT VARIABILITY
  4. 6.4 NONLINEAR MODELING OF RADIATION BELT VARIABILITY
  5. 6.5 UNRESOLVED ISSUES
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
4. 7 Cross‐Scale Energy Transport in Space Plasmas: Applications to the Magnetopause Boundary
  1. 7.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 7.2 MAGNETIC RECONNECTION AND KHI
  3. 7.3 FROM MHD SCALES TO KINETIC SCALES
  4. 7.4 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  6. REFERENCES
Part III: Solar Wind–Magnetosphere Coupling
1. 8 Solar Wind Interaction with Earth’s Bow Shock
  1. 8.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 8.2 CURRENT UNDERSTANDING OF EARTH’S BOW SHOCK
  3. 8.3 CLUSTER OBSERVATIONS OF EARTH’S BOW SHOCK
  4. 8.4 PIC SIMULATION RESULTS OF EARTH’S BOW SHOCK
  5. 8.5 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
2. 9 The Magnetosheath
  1. 9.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 9.2 LARGE‐SCALE STRUCTURE
  3. 9.3 WAVES AND TURBULENCE
  4. 9.4 TRANSIENT EVENTS
  5. 9.5 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
3. 10 Dayside Magnetopause Processes
  1. 10.1 THE MAGNETOPAUSE
  2. 10.2 PROCESSES THAT CREATE THE MAGNETOPAUSE
  3. 10.3 DAYSIDE TRANSFER PROCESSES
  4. 10.4 THE DOMINANT TRANSFER PROCESS: MAGNETIC RECONNECTION
  5. 10.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
4. 11 The Polar Cusps of the Earth’s Magnetosphere
  1. 11.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 11.2 SPACECRAFT MISSIONS AND MODELING TOOLS
  3. 11.3 LARGE‐SCALE STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH’S POLAR CUSPS
  4. 11.4 SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL NATURE OF CUSP STRUCTURES
  5. 11.5 CONCLUSIONS AND PERSPECTIVES
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
5. 12 The Earth’s Low‐Latitude Boundary Layer
  1. 12.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 12.2 GENERAL FEATURES OF THE LLBL
  3. 12.3 CANDIDATE FORMATION MECHANISMS OF THE LLBL
  4. 12.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS AND FUTURE RESEARCH
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  6. REFERENCES
Part IV: Magnetosphere–Ionosphere Coupling
1. 13 Field‐Aligned Currents in the Magnetosphere–Ionosphere
  1. 13.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 13.2 HISTORICAL OBSERVATIONS OF FIELD‐ALIGNED CURRENTS
  3. 13.3 DRIVERS OF FIELD‐ALIGNED CURRENTS
  4. 13.4 DETERMINING FIELD‐ALIGNED CURRENT DENSITY
  5. 13.5 CLIMATOLOGICAL FEATURES OF FACS
  6. 13.6 SCALE SIZES DEPENDENCE OF FIELD‐ALIGNED CURRENTS
  7. 13.7 SUMMARY AND OPEN ISSUES
  8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  9. REFERENCES
2. 14 Ionospheric Ion Acceleration and Transport
  1. 14.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 14.2 IONOSPHERIC ION UPFLOWS
  3. 14.3 ION ACCELERATION PROCESSES
  4. 14.4 IONOSPHERIC ION TRANSPORT IN THE MAGNETOSPHERE
  5. 14.5 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
3. 15 Cold Ionospheric Ions in the Magnetosphere
  1. 15.1 INTRODUCTION: COLD IONS AS PART OF THE MAGNETOSPHERE
  2. 15.2 OBSERVATIONS: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS
  3. 15.3 STATISTICS AND EFFECTS AT LARGE SCALES
  4. 15.4 EFFECTS AT SMALL SCALES
  5. 15.5 SPACE WEATHER EFFECTS
  6. 15.6 DISCUSSION AND OPEN QUESTIONS
  7. 15.7 SUMMARY
  8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  9. REFERENCES
4. 16 Magnetosphere–Ionosphere Coupling of Precipitating Electrons and Ionospheric Conductance
  1. 16.1 PROBLEM OVERVIEW
  2. 16.2 THE MAJOR SUPERTHERMAL ELECTRONS PATHWAYS IN THE MI SYSTEM
  3. 16.3 THE QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS
  4. 16.4 CONDUCTANCE DEPENDENCE ON THE SHAPE OF ELECTRON DISTRIBUTION FUNCTION
  5. 16.5 CONDUCTANCE DEPENDENCE ON MULTIPLE ATMOSPHERIC REFLECTIONS
  6. 16.6 IONOSPHERIC CONDUCTANCE IN THE PRESENCE OF THE POTENTIAL DROP
  7. 16.7 CONCLUSION
  8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  9. REFERENCES
Part V: The Dynamic Magnetosphere
1. 17 Magnetotail Processes
  1. 17.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 17.2 QUIESCENT EVOLUTION, THIN CURRENT SHEET FORMATION
  3. 17.3 ONSET OF DYNAMIC MODES
  4. 17.4 DYNAMIC CONSEQUENCES
  5. 17.5 SUMMARY AND DISCUSSION
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
2. 18 The Active Magnetosphere: Substorms and Storms
  1. 18.1 SUBSTORMS
  2. 18.2 STORMS
  3. 18.3 SUMMARY
  4. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  5. REFERENCES
3. 19 The Northward IMF Magnetosphere
  1. 19.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 19.2 SOLAR WIND/MAGNETOSPHERE COUPLING
  3. 19.3 IONOSPHERIC AND AURORAL RESPONSE
  4. 19.4 INTERNAL MAGNETOSPHERIC STRUCTURE
  5. 19.5 REMAINING CONTROVERSIES
  6. 19.6 CONCLUSIONS
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
4. 20 A Brief Review of the Ring Current and Outstanding Problems
  1. 20.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 20.2 RING CURRENT SOURCES
  3. 20.3 RING CURRENT LOSSES
  4. 20.4 OUTSTANDING PROBLEMS
  5. 20.5 CONCLUDING REMARKS
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
5. 21 Source, Loss, and Transport of Energetic Particles Deep Inside Earth’s Magnetosphere (L <4)
  1. 21.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 21.2 DYNAMICAL EVOLUTION OF ENERGETIC PROTONS DEEP INSIDE THE EARTH’S MAGNETOSPHERE
  3. 21.3 LONG‐TERM MEASUREMENTS OF ~MEV ELECTRON ENHANCEMENTS AT L <2.6
  4. 21.4 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  6. REFERENCES
6. 22 The Plasmasphere: Its Interactions and Dynamics
  1. 22.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 22.2 PLASMASPHERE INTERACTIONS WITH THE IONOSPHERE AND THERMOSPHERE
  3. 22.3 PLASMASPHERIC RESPONSE TO SOLAR WIND DRIVING AND GEOMAGNETIC ACTIVITY
  4. 22.4 PLASMASPHERE INTERACTIONS WITH ENERGETIC PARTICLES
  5. 22.5 THE STATE OF PLASMASPHERIC MODELING
  6. 22.6 THE FUTURE OF PLASMASPHERE RESEARCH
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
7. 23 Impact of Ionospheric Ions on Magnetospheric Dynamics
  1. 23.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 23.2 IMPACT ON SMALL SCALES
  3. 23.3 IMPACT ON LARGE SCALES
  4. 23.4 OPEN QUESTIONS
  5. 23.5 CONCLUSIONS
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
Part VI: Planetary Magnetic Fields
1. 24 Planetary Magnetic Fields
  1. 24.1 INTRODUCTION AND HISTORICAL NOTES
  2. 24.2 PLANETARY PARADE
  3. 24.3 DYNAMO ACTION
  4. 24.4 DYNAMO SCALING LAWS
  5. 24.5 MAGNETIC INDUCTION AND COUPLING
  6. 24.6 CRUSTAL MAGNETIZATION
  7. 24.7 MASS LOADING AND MAGNETIC PILEUP
  8. 24.8 MAGNETOSPHERIC AND IONOSPHERIC CURRENTS
  9. 24.9 MAGNETIC FIELDS OF EXOPLANETS
  10. 24.10 A CENTENNIAL ROADMAP
  11. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  12. REFERENCES
Part VII: Induced Magnetospheres
1. 25 Induced Magnetospheres
  1. 25.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 25.2 THE MARS SPACE ENVIRONMENT
  3. 25.3 THE MARS–SOLAR WIND INTERACTION
  4. 25.4 FLOWS, FIELDS, AND FORCES
  5. 25.5 ASYMMETRIES
  6. 25.6 CRUSTAL MAGNETIC FIELDS
  7. 25.7 WAVES AND INSTABILITIES
  8. 25.8 FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  10. REFERENCES
2. 26 Induced Magnetospheres: Titan
  1. 26.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 26.2 OVERVIEW OF TITAN’S PLASMA INTERACTION
  3. 26.3 THE INDUCED MAGNETOSPHERE OF TITAN AS SEEN BY CASSINI
  4. 26.4 ENERGY AND MOMENTUM TRANSFER PROCESSES AND PLASMA ESCAPE
  5. 26.5 CONCLUSIONS
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
3. 27 Birth of a Magnetosphere
  1. 27.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 27.2 OVERVIEW OF ROSETTA PLASMA OBSERVATIONS
  3. 27.3 ELECTRIC FIELDS IN A COMET MAGNETOSPHERE
  4. 27.4 BEFORE THE BOUNDARIES FORM
  5. 27.5 EMERGENCE OF BOUNDARIES
  6. 27.6 FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
4. 28 Induced Magnetospheres: Atmospheric Escape
  1. 28.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 28.2 MEASUREMENTS AND MODELS
  3. 28.3 ESCAPE PROCESSES AND RATES
  4. 28.4 PLANETARY‐SCALE IMPLICATIONS
  5. REFERENCES
Part VIII: Giant Planet Magnetospheres
1. 29 The Magnetodisk Regions of Jupiter and Saturn
  1. 29.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 29.2 MAGNETODISK STRUCTURE AND DYNAMICS
  3. 29.3 MAGNETOSPHERIC COMPRESSIBILITY
  4. 29.4 PARTICLE DYNAMICS
  5. 29.5 SUMMARY
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
2. 30 Fast Rotating Magnetospheres: Jupiter and Saturn Plasma Sources, Loss and Transport
  1. 30.1 FROM MOONS TO MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA; NEUTRAL VERSUS CHARGED PARTICLE DYNAMICS
  2. 30.2 NEUTRAL DOMINATED VERSUS CHARGED PARTICLE DOMINATED MAGNETOSPHERES
  3. 30.3 MAGNETIC FLUX CONSERVATION AND PLASMA TRANSPORT
  4. 30.4 DIAGNOSTICS OF PLASMA TRANSPORT
  5. 30.5 MAGNETOSPHERIC HEATING VIA PLASMA MOTION
  6. 30.6 OPEN TOPICS
  7. REFERENCES
3. 31 Gas Giant Magnetosphere–Ionosphere–Thermosphere Coupling
  1. 31.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 31.2 COUPLING THEORY
  3. 31.3 ATMOSPHERIC THEORY
  4. 31.4 MOVING BEYOND STEADY STATE IN GIANT PLANET MIT COUPLINGMODELS
  5. 31.5 MODEL RESULTS
  6. 31.6 CONCLUSIONS
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
4. 32 The Radiation Belts of Jupiter and Saturn
  1. 32.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 32.2 PHYSICAL PROCESSES
  3. 32.3 SATURN’S RADIATION BELTS
  4. 32.4 JUPITER’S RADIATION BELTS
  5. 32.5 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
5. 33 Asymmetrical Magnetospheres: Uranus and Neptune
  1. 33.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 33.2 INTERNAL MAGNETIC FIELDS
  3. 33.3 GEOMETRICAL CONSIDERATIONS
  4. 33.4 SOLAR WIND–MAGNETOSPHERE COUPLING
  5. 33.5 CONVECTION
  6. 33.6 PLASMA SOURCES AND MAGNETOSPHERE‐IONOSPHERE COUPLING
  7. 33.7 MAGNETOTAIL
  8. 33.8 SUMMARY
  9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  10. References
Part IX: Mini‐magnetospheres and Moon–Magnetosphere Interactions
1. 34 A Dungey Cycle in the Life of Mercury’s Magnetosphere
  1. 34.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 34.2 MAGNETOPAUSE RECONNECTION
  3. 34.3 MAGNETOSPHERIC CUSP, PLASMA FILAMENTS AND PLASMA MANTLE
  4. 34.4 MAGNETOTAIL LOADING AND UNLOADING
  5. 34.5 MAGNETOTAIL X‐LINES AND FLUX ROPES
  6. 34.6 DIPOLARIZATION FRONTS
  7. 34.7 ENERGETIC ELECTRONS AND X‐RAY AURORAL EMISSIONS
  8. 34.8 SUMMARY
  9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  10. REFERENCES
2. 35 The Magnetosphere of Ganymede
  1. 35.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 35.2 AMBIENT JOVIAN ENVIRONMENT AT GANYMEDE’S ORBIT
  3. 35.3 OBSERVATIONS OF GANYMEDE’S MAGNETOSPHERE
  4. 35.4 NUMERICAL MODELING
  5. 35.5 OPEN QUESTIONS AND FUTURE EXPLORATION
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
3. 36 Overview of Moon–Magnetosphere Interactions
  1. 36.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 36.2 BASIC SETUP
  3. 36.3 CLASSIFICATION OF INTERACTIONS
  4. 36.4 PHYSICS OF THE INTERACTION
  5. 36.5 A SHORT TOUR OF MOONS IN MAGNETOSPHERES: EARTH, JUPITER, SATURN, URANUS, NEPTUNE, AND EXOPLANETS
  6. 36.6 OUTSTANDING QUESTIONS
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
Part X: Investigating Magnetospheric Processes
1. 37 Global Simulations
  1. 37.1 PURPOSE AND UTILITY
  2. 37.2 GOVERNING EQUATIONS, INITIAL AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
  3. 37.3 NUMERICAL APPROACHES AND THEIR LIMITATIONS
  4. 37.4 COUPLING WITH THE IONOSPHERE–THERMOSPHERE SYSTEM
  5. 37.5 COUPLING WITH INNER MAGNETOSPHERE MODELS
  6. 37.6 RECENT SIGNIFICANT RESULTS
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
2. 38 Kinetic Modeling in the Magnetosphere
  1. 38.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 38.2 KINETIC EQUATIONS FOR MAGNETOSPHERIC SIMULATIONS
  3. 38.3 ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES FOR KINETIC SIMULATIONS OF MAGNETOSPHERES
  4. 38.4 APPLICATION: ASYMMETRIC MAGNETIC RECONNECTION IN A MAGNETOSPHERE
  5. 38.5 THE FUTURE OF KINETIC SIMULATIONS FOR MAGNETOSPHERES
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
3. 39 Data‐Based Modeling of the Earth’s Magnetic Field
  1. 39.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 39.2 DATA FOR EMPIRICAL MODELING
  3. 39.3 MATHEMATICAL STRUCTURE OF EMPIRICAL MODELS
  4. 39.4 PARAMETERIZATION OF THE DATA‐BASED MODELS
  5. 39.5 FUTURE PROSPECTS AND CHALLENGES: CONSTELLATION‐DATA BASED MODELS
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
4. 40 Multispacecraft Measurements in the Magnetosphere
  1. 40.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 40.2 MAGNETIC FIELD GRADIENTS AND TOPOLOGY
  3. 40.3 MAGNETIC FIELD RECONSTRUCTION AND NULL FIELDS
  4. 40.4 TIME SERIES ANALYSIS: BOUNDARIES, MOTION, AND STRUCTURES
  5. 40.5 MULTISPACECRAFT WAVE VECTOR ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
  6. 40.6 CONCLUSION
  7. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
5. 41 Exploring Small Scales with MMS
  1. 41.1 REVIEW OF RECONNECTION THEORY AND PRE‐MMS MEASUREMENTS
  2. 41.2 REQUIREMENT FOR ELECTRON‐SCALE MEASUREMENTS WITH MMS
  3. 41.3 DISCOVERY OF THE ROLE OF ELECTRON PHYSICS IN DRIVING RECONNECTION
  4. 41.4 MAGNETIC GUIDE FIELD EFFECTS
  5. 41.5 SOURCE OF THE RECONNECTION ELECTRIC FIELD
  6. 41.6 SYMMETRIC RECONNECTION IN THE MAGNETOTAIL
  7. 41.7 WAVES AND TURBULENCE IN RECONNECTION
  8. 41.8 PATH TO FUTURE INVESTIGATIONS OF RECONNECTION BY MMS
  9. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  10. REFERENCES
6. 42 Global Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) Imaging of Magnetospheres
  1. 42.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 42.2 ENA IMAGING TECHNIQUES
  3. 42.3 ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES
  4. 42.4 ENA IMAGING OF THE TERRESTRIAL MAGNETOSPHERE
  5. 42.5 ENA IMAGING OF PLANETARY MAGNETOSPHERES, MOONS, AND THE HELIOSPHERIC BOUNDARY
  6. 42.6 SUMMARY AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
  7. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
  8. REFERENCES
7. 43 Laboratory Experiments: Putting Space into the Lab
  1. 43.1 MAGNETOSPHERIC PLASMA PHYSICS ISSUES ARE ADDRESSABLE BY LAB EXPERIMENTS
  2. 43.2 INTERDISCIPLINARY EFFORTS IN SPACE, THEORY, AND EXPERIMENT
  3. 43.3 IMPROVED DIAGNOSTIC TECHNIQUES INTERRELATE PLASMA EXPERIMENTS IN THE LABORATORY AND IN SPACE
  4. 43.4 CONCLUSION
  5. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  6. REFERENCES
Part XI: Future Directions
1. 44 Challenges in Modeling the Outer Magnetosphere
  1. 44.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 44.2 PHYSICAL MODELS
  3. 44.3 RESOLVING SPATIAL SCALES
  4. 44.4 BOUNDARY CONDITIONS AND COUPLING WITH OTHER MODELS
  5. 44.5 SUMMARY
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
2. 45 Does a Magnetosphere Protect the Ionosphere?
  1. 45.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 45.2 MAIN OUTFLOW PROCESSES
  3. 45.3 ION OUTFLOW RATE: OBSERVATIONS
  4. 45.4 INFLUENCE OF MAGNETIC MOMENT
  5. 45.5 CONCLUSION
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
3. 46 Some Unsolved Problems of Magnetospheric Physics
  1. 46.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 46.2 WHAT MAKES SOME PROBLEMS HARD?
  3. 46.3 SOME PREVIOUSLY SOLVED PHYSICAL PROBLEMS
  4. 46.4 UNSOLVED PROBLEMS
  5. 46.5 SUMMARY
  6. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  7. REFERENCES
4. 47 Instigators of Future Change in Magnetospheric Research
  1. 47.1 INTRODUCTION
  2. 47.2 TECHNIQUES TO WATCH AND ADOPT
  3. 47.3 CLOSING COMMENTS
  4. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
  5. REFERENCES
Index
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List of Tables

Chapter 3
1. Table 3.1 The quantities represented by the symbols used in this chapter
Chapter 4
1. Table 4.1 Spacecraft names
Chapter 15
1. Table 15.1 Examples of statistical studies of ion upflow at high latitudes an...
Chapter 16
1. Table 16.1 Parameters of precipitated electrons
Chapter 24
1. Table 24.1 Planetary magnetic field parade
2. Table 24.2 Dimensionless control parameters used in dynamo simulations
3. Table 24.3 Diagnostic parameters as outcome from dynamo simulations
Chapter 26
1. Table 26.1 Averaged solar wind parameters in Saturn’s low‐latitude, noon magn...
Chapter 28
1. Table 28.1 Escape rates from induced magnetospheres via different processes. ...
Chapter 30
1. Table 30.1 Comparison of corotation speed and gradient drifts speeds for 10 k...
Chapter 35
1. Table 35.1 Properties of the ambient plasma and field environment at Ganymede
Chapter 36
1. Table 36.1 Overview of moon–magnetosphere interaction properties for selected...
Chapter 42
1. Table 42.1 Comparison of current capabilities of ENA cameras

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1
1. Figure 1.1 Reproduction from Southwood (2015) of the sketch on p. 105 of Vol...
2. Figure 1.2 The Chapman–Ferraro cavity. Reproduction of Chapman and Ferraro’s...
3. Figure 1.3 The ionospheric DS flow pattern. The antisunward motion at high l...
4. Figure 1.4 Dungey’s open magnetosphere. The simplest case of a purely southw...
5. Figure 1.5 Dawn–dusk meridian view of open magnetosphere with pure southward...
6. Figure 1.6 Sketch of the currents induced in the ionosphere in the simple (s...
Chapter 2
1. Figure 2.1 Artist’s conception of the Earth’s magnetosphere showing plasma r...
2. Figure 2.2 Solar wind conditions at Earth during solar maximum in 2001 (blac...
3. Figure 2.3 (a) Energetic ions and electrons injected from the tail drift wes...
Chapter 3
1. Figure 3.1 Schematic figure designed to illustrate the relationship between ...
Chapter 4
1. Figure 4.1 Global picture of magnetic reconnection in the near‐Earth magneto...
2. Figure 4.2 Overview of magnetic reconnection observations by the spacecraft ...
3. Figure 4.3 Ion and electron energy–time spectrograms for the period of 2240−...
4. Figure 4.4 The location of the magnetic reconnection event in the GSM x–y pl...
5. Figure 4.5 Magnetic field and plasma data from Geotail for the period from 1...
6. Figure 4.6 (a) Ion and electron flow velocities perpendicular to the local m...
7. Figure 4.7 (a–d) Electron velocity distribution functions in the V_//–V_⊥...
8. Figure 4.8 (a–d) Ion velocity distribution functions in the Vx‐Vy plane at 1...
9. Figure 4.9 Schematic of ion meandering motion in the y–z plane (tail cross‐s...
10. Figure 4.10 Structure of the ion–electron decoupling region of magnetic reco...
11. Figure 4.11 (a–c) The magnetic field structure, Ve x and Vi x, and Ve y and ...
12. Figure 4.12 Schematic of electron motion in the vicinity of the X‐line for t...
Chapter 5
1. Figure 5.1 Trace of the wavelet and Fourier power spectra of magnetic field ...
2. Figure 5.2 Left: schematic illustration of the shock geometry and associated...
3. Figure 5.3 (a) The spatial distribution of spectral slopes detected at MHD s...
4. Figure 5.4 High Reynolds plasma sheet turbulence similar to the turbulence i...
5. Figure 5.5 Diagrams of homogeneous MHD turbulence (left) and plasma sheet tu...
6. Figure 5.6 Examples of total power spectral densities (trace of the power sp...
7. Figure 5.7 Top: typical electric field fluctuation component normal to the a...
8. Figure 5.8 Local intermittency measure (LIM) for E_north
9. Figure 5.9 Flatness for E_north
10. Figure 5.10 Probability Distribution Functions (PDFs) of fluctuations measur...
11. Figure 5.11 Left: structure functions of magnetic field fluctuations recorde...
12. Figure 5.12 ROMA spectra for magnetic field fluctuations recorded in the cus...
13. Figure 5.13 Rank‐ordered multifractal spectrum for a particular set of solar...
14. Figure 5.14 Scaled PDFs for the solar wind data of Figure 5.13
15. Figure 5.15 Top: rank‐ordered spectra s₁ (black), s₂ (red), s₃ (blue), and s
Chapter 6
1. Figure 6.1 Schematic illustration of the spatial distribution of important w...
2. Figure 6.2 The statistical distribution of chorus emissions from multisatell...
3. Figure 6.3 The statistical distribution of plasmaspheric hiss (Li et al., 20...
4. Figure 6.4 The statistical distribution of equatorial magnetosonic waves (Ma...
5. Figure 6.5 The statistical distribution of EMIC waves (X.‐J. Zhang et al., 2...
Chapter 7
1. Figure 7.1 A pictogram presenting time vs size graph of the typical time and...
2. Figure 7.2 Sketch of the 3‐D nonlinear interaction between reconnection and ...
3. Figure 7.3 Test particle velocity distribution functions (middle) in 3‐D MHD...
Chapter 8
1. Figure 8.1 The top panel shows the energy flux spectrogram of ions measured ...
2. Figure 8.2 Each panel shows spin resolution 3‐D distribution function of ion...
3. Figure 8.3 Temperature of MS H⁺ and He⁺⁺ beams calculated in the plasma fr...
4. Figure 8.4 PIC simulation of the bow shock crossing of the solar wind. Panel...
5. Figure 8.5 Left panel: three solutions for the nonlinear waves depending on ...
Chapter 9
1. Figure 9.1 Flow velocity and density profile of the dayside magnetosheath re...
2. Figure 9.2 Spatial distribution of the flow velocity and density in the equa...
3. Figure 9.3 Magnetosheath asymmetries related to interplanetary magnetic fiel...
4. Figure 9.4 Spatial distribution of plasma beta (left panel) and mirror insta...
5. Figure 9.5 Variations of the total pressure, plasma pressure, and magnetic p...
6. Figure 9.6 MMS observation of small‐scale turbulence energy spectra in the m...
7. Figure 9.7 Disturbance and transient events in the magnetosheath.
Chapter 10
1. Figure 10.1 Noon–midnight cut through the magnetosphere viewed from the dusk...
2. Figure 10.2 Y‐Z_GSM Shear angle plot of the Earth’s magnetopause as viewed fr...
Chapter 11
1. Figure 11.1 (a) Illustration of near‐Earth’s magnetic field topology. The tw...
2. Figure 11.2 Illustration of the magnetospheric field configuration from a gl...
3. Figure 11.3 View of the regions of plasma precipitation looking from above t...
4. Figure 11.4 Spatial distributions of the component of the ion velocity paral...
5. Figure 11.5 (a) and (b): Spatial cusp structures from FAST and Polar cusp cr...
6. Figure 11.6 (a) Overlapping cusp ion dispersion signatures (O) observed duri...
7. Figure 11.7 Schematic of solar wind plasma circulation and magnetic topology...
8. Figure 11.8 X‐ray image of the northern cusp detected by a hypothetical sate...
Chapter 12
1. Figure 12.1 An example plot of the two‐layered LLBL observed by THEMIS‐E dur...
2. Figure 12.2 (a) A statistical survey of the LLBL thickness versus the distan...
3. Figure 12.3 Schematic drawing of the dayside LLBL (and MSBL) formation model...
4. Figure 12.4 (a) Schematic drawing of the evolution of the KH waves along low...
5. Figure 12.5 (a) Schematic drawing of the mode conversion at the magnetopause...
6. Figure 12.6 (a) Schematic drawing of the mixing layers formed along the low‐...
Chapter 13
1. Figure 13.1 Distribution of field‐aligned currents in the topside ionosphere...
2. Figure 13.2 Sketch of the measurement quad and the integration passes for ca...
3. Figure 13.3 Example from an auroral zone crossing in the northern hemisphere...
4. Figure 13.4 Average field‐aligned current density distribution (red and blue...
Chapter 14
1. Figure 14.1 Schematic depiction of (a) ionospheric ion outflows and ion acce...
2. Figure 14.2 Polar wind (a) H⁺ and (b) O⁺ ion velocities observed on Akebono ...
3. Figure 14.3 O⁺ vertical ion flux and occurrence distributions observed by DM...
4. Figure 14.4 Orbit‐averaged storm‐time ion outflow flux versus (a) DC Poyntin...
5. Figure 14.5 Polar wind O⁺ ions originating at 7,000 km altitude, 75° invaria...
6. Figure 14.6 Flowing low‐energy ions detected on Cluster: (a) occurrence dist...
Chapter 15
1. Figure 15.1 Overview of cold ion outflow. The sketch gives some major outflo...
2. Figure 15.2 Sketch of a magnetic reconnection separatrix with an electric fi...
3. Figure 15.3 Crossing from the magnetosheath to the magnetosphere of a magnet...
4. Figure 15.4 Left: simulation of magnetic reconnection, with separatrices and...
5. Figure 15.5 MMS measurement of cold ion heating in the dayside magnetospheri...
Chapter 16
1. Figure 16.1 Scenario of MI coupling simulations by STET code: wave–particle ...
2. Figure 16.2 The downward fluxes for with multiple reflections (dashed lines)...
3. Figure 16.3 Downward electron flux from 1 eV to 10 keV at 800 km for L = 4.6...
4. Figure 16.4 Superthermal electron fluxes at the upper ionospheric boundaries...
5. Figure 16.5 Pedersen and Hall conductances for characteristic energy up to 3...
6. Figure 16.6 Correction factors of multiple‐reflection to no‐reflection scena...
7. Figure 16.7 The correction factors K_P and K_H for height‐integrated Pederse...
Chapter 17
1. Figure 17.1 Distribution of thin CS thickness L_z and current density magni...
2. Figure 17.2 Schematic illustrating the effects of dayside reconnection on th...
3. Figure 17.3 Thin current sheet formation from high‐latitude flux addition (a...
4. Figure 17.4 Thin current sheet formation from low‐latitude flux depletion: (...
5. Figure 17.5 Evolution of characteristic quantities in 2‐D PIC simulations of...
6. Figure 17.6 An example of RFT observations by the two THEMIS probes located ...
7. Figure 17.7 (a) Superposed mean values of Z_GSM magnetic field component; (...
8. Figure 17.8 Field‐aligned current generation by magnetic field shear from br...
9. Figure 17.9 Evolution of field‐line entropy S (color) and velocity vectors ...
10. Figure 17.10 Two characteristic orbits of accelerated electrons (solid blue ...
11. Figure 17.11 Observed and modeled ion velocity distributions related to dipo...
12. Figure 17.12 FPR observed by Cluster C1: (a) GSM x component of the ion flow...
13. Figure 17.13 Development of LHD instability at a jet front in the x, z plane...
14. Figure 17.14 Two plasma distributions that generate waves with distinct spee...
Chapter 18
1. Figure 18.1 (a–c) A substorm event at 8 UT on 17 February 2007 (Lyons et al....
2. Figure 18.2 Preonset auroral sequence of auroral substorm at 0822 UT on 29 F...
3. Figure 18.3 Preonset auroral sequence of auroral substorm at 0640 UT on 9 Ap...
4. Figure 18.4 Reanalysis of the preonset sequence of substorms studied by (a–c...
Chapter 19
1. Figure 19.1 PDL/LLBL structure (after Bogdanova et al., 2008). Field lines c...
2. Figure 19.2 Sketches showing the excitation of NBZ currents, reproduced from...
3. Figure 19.3 Three examples of TRINNI flows (top row), reproduced from Fear a...
4. Figure 19.4 (a) The observed motion patterns for polar cap arcs on open fiel...
5. Figure 19.5 (a) A transpolar arc observed by the high‐altitude IMAGE satelli...
Chapter 20
1. Figure 20.1 (a) Hourly Dst(H) values during the geomagnetic storm of 9 July ...
2. Figure 20.2 (a) Normalized wave frequency (ω/Ω+) vs normalized wavenum...
3. Figure 20.3 Color contours show the bounce averaged lifetimes of O⁺ (left) a...
Chapter 21
1. Figure 21.1 Monthly averaged proton fluxes with equatorial pitch angles betw...
2. Figure 21.2 Radiation belt proton model radial distributions for selected en...
3. Figure 21.3 First and second rows: the 27‐day window‐averaged >2 MeV electro...
4. Figure 21.4 Lowest L on which the electron fluxes changed by more than one o...
5. Figure 21.5 Solar wind conditions: Eymax, Bmax, and Êy, (a) during the inter...
6. Figure 21.6 Background corrected MagEIS‐B daily‐averaged electron flux versu...
Chapter 22
1. Figure 22.1 Sketch of the inner magnetosphere, describing the regions discus...
2. Figure 22.2 Evolution of field‐aligned H⁺ (pink), He⁺ (brown), and O⁺ (cyan)...
3. Figure 22.3 Median partial plasma density from 1 to 4 eV measured by HOPE du...
4. Figure 22.4 Global maps of the average wave intensity of plasmaspheric hiss ...
5. Figure 22.5 Examples of global density reconstruction by the resulting neura...
6. Figure 22.6 DE 1/RIMS He⁺⁺ temperatures scatter plotted versus L values. T...
Chapter 23
1. Figure 23.1 The distribution of ionospheric O⁺ outflow from (a) the dayside ...
2. Figure 23.2 Artist’s view of the magnetosphere. The gray labels indicate the...
3. Figure 23.3 Reconnection rates for a case when plasma consists of electrons ...
4. Figure 23.4 Peak densities regions for H⁺ and O⁺ background ion populations ...
5. Figure 23.5 The B_z field along X for the (a) 50% and (b) 0% oxygen runs. The...
6. Figure 23.6 Growth rate of the KHI versus mass ratio for the case when the m...
7. Figure 23.7 The profiles of current density in the magnetotail TCS (gray lin...
Chapter 24
1. Figure 24.1 Magnetic field magnitude observations during Giotto’s Earth swin...
2. Figure 24.2 Mauersberger–Lowes spectra of the internal magnetic field contri...
3. Figure 24.3 The offset tilted dipole models for Uranus (left) and Neptune (r...
4. Figure 24.4 Radial velocity in an equatorial cut through the simulation box ...
5. Figure 24.5 Example of the complexity of light element density distribution,...
6. Figure 24.6 Map of the latitudinal variation of the radial component of the ...
Chapter 25
1. Figure 25.1 The Mars–solar wind interaction has a unique hybrid character, t...
2. Figure 25.2 The magnetic field draping (colors show normalized B_x and vector...
3. Figure 25.3 Ion pressure gradient and J×B forces derived from MAVEN obs...
4. Figure 25.4 Maps of high‐ and low‐energy oxygen ion fluxes in B_x –Z_MS...
5. Figure 25.5 The combination of IMF and crustal magnetic fields leads to a co...
6. Figure 25.6 Waveforms of large‐amplitude coherent magnetic field oscillation...
Chapter 26
1. Figure 26.1 Schematic describing some of the main features of the Titan–Satu...
2. Figure 26.2 Schematic describing the distortion of the Saturnian magnetodisk...
3. Figure 26.3 From top: magnetic field components in TIIS coordinates, magneti...
4. Figure 26.4 From top: magnetic field components in TIIS coordinates, magneti...
5. Figure 26.5 From top: magnetic field components in TIIS coordinates, magneti...
6. Figure 26.6 From top: magnetic field components in TIIS coordinates, magneti...
7. Figure 26.7 From top: magnetic field components in TIIS coordinates, magneti...
8. Figure 26.8 From top: magnetic field components in TSWIS coordinates, magnet...
Chapter 27
1. Figure 27.1 Data from the active part of the Rosetta mission, from arrival a...
2. Figure 27.2 Observed solar wind proton flow during the nightside excursion (...
3. Figure 27.3 Velocity vectors of the pickup and expanding cometary ion popula...
Chapter 28
1. Figure 28.1 Early observations of ion loss from induced magnetospheres. Venu...
2. Figure 28.2 Illustration showing atmospheric escape processes for an induced...
3. Figure 28.3 Spatial distribution of planetary ion fluxes around Mars as meas...
4. Figure 28.4 (Left) Modeled ion escape rates for a Mars‐like planet with vari...
Chapter 29
1. Figure 29.1 Aspects of the Jovian magnetosphere, from Bagenal et al. (2017)....
2. Figure 29.2 Temperature of the thermal ions derived at Jupiter from Galileo ...
3. Figure 29.3 Magnetometer observations of the Jovian magnetosphere from the (...
4. Figure 29.4 Cassini magnetometer data from the “Rev 3” outbound pass at Satu...
5. Figure 29.5 Measurements of temperature for water‐group (denoted W+) ions in...
6. Figure 29.6 Pressure‐balance solutions for the Jovian magnetopause along the...
7. Figure 29.7 Theoretical prediction of the standoff distance R_MP of the Kroni...
8. Figure 29.8 Particle tracing results for a proton of energy (a) 100 eV, (b) ...
9. Figure 29.9 Particle tracing results, shown following the same format as Fig...
Chapter 30
1. Figure 30.1 Top: comparison of the Keplerian (neutral particles, green lines...
2. Figure 30.2 Comparison of neutral and charged particle drifts at Europa.
3. Figure 30.3 Top: CAPS‐ELS and MIMI‐LEMMS electron data. Bottom: CAPS‐IMS ion...
4. Figure 30.4 Left: cartoon illustrating periodic magnetospheric reconfigurati...
5. Figure 30.5 Comparison of gradient drift speeds (electrons to the left of ze...
6. Figure 30.6 Data showing a plasma injection event observed during Cassini Re...
7. Figure 30.7 Analysis of magnetic field signatures associated with plasma inj...
8. Figure 30.8 Evolution of an initially isotropic (red line) PAD under transpo...
9. Figure 30.9 Electron injection event observed on 30 October 2005 (DOY 303). ...
Chapter 31
1. Figure 31.1 Angular velocities of the magnetospheric plasma at Jupiter and S...
2. Figure 31.2 Geometry and associated fields for MI coupling in a system with ...
3. Figure 31.3 Schematic comparing (a) viscous and (b) meridional transfer of e...
Chapter 32
1. Figure 32.1 Sample intensity profiles of the radiation belts of Jupiter and ...
2. Figure 32.2 Sketch on how different processes shape the radial distribution ...
3. Figure 32.3 MeV proton and electron variability in Saturn’s radiation belts....
4. Figure 32.4 (Left) Electron energies as a function of L‐shell, where electro...
Chapter 33
1. Figure 33.1 Schematic of the eccentric dipoles at Uranus (left), and Neptune...
2. Figure 33.2 Surface radial field (left), and total field strength (right), a...
3. Figure 33.3 Diagram illustrating four highly idealized cases for the configu...
4. Figure 33.4 Diagram illustrating the angular relationships that define the m...
5. Figure 33.5 Fraction of the magnetopause where reconnection is permitted at ...
6. Figure 33.6 Electric potential contours (red), for the NASA GSFC/Q3 model of...
7. Figure 33.7 Relative configuration of the rotation axis, magnetic field, cen...
8. Figure 33.8 Sketch of the magnetotail configuration during the pole‐on cases...
9. Figure 33.9 Theoretical tail cross‐sections as a function of solar wind atta...
10. Figure 33.10 Cross‐section through Neptune’s tail from MHD simulations durin...
Chapter 34
1. Figure 34.1 A schematic of Mercury’s magnetosphere with (a) a minimal rate o...
2. Figure 34.2 The mean total intensity of the magnetic fields in 0.15 × 015 R_M
3. Figure 34.3 Examples (a), (b) of intense reconnection with low magnetic shea...
4. Figure 34.4 An example of an FTE observed by MESSENGER just outside the days...
5. Figure 34.5 (a) A histogram of the number of FTEs identified in MESSENGER’s ...
6. Figure 34.6 Two possible sources for Na⁺ ions in the cusp. Left: Na⁺ ions ar...
7. Figure 34.7 Planetary ion abundances in the northern cusp measured by MESSEN...
8. Figure 34.8 Na⁺‐group ion plasma mantle densities, colored by density, proje...
9. Figure 34.9 MESSENGER magnetic field data during a 40‐minute interval in the...
10. Figure 34.10 MESSENGER observations of an active reconnection site in Mercur...
11. Figure 34.11 MESSENGER observations of two dipolarization fronts during a pl...
12. Figure 34.12 A single dipolarization‐injection event. Displayed from top to ...
13. Figure 34.13 Maps of XRS footprint locations associated with XRS records con...
Chapter 35
1. Figure 35.1 The Jovian background magnetic field (in units of nT) at Ganymed...
2. Figure 35.2 (a) Galileo trajectories for the six close encounters with Ganym...
3. Figure 35.3 A summary figure showing the Galileo particle and fields data fo...
4. Figure 35.4 Electron number density as function of radial distance (in R_G) i...
5. Figure 35.5 (a–c) Ganymede’s aurora from multiple superposed images as viewe...
6. Figure 35.6 An illustration of Ganymede’s space environment in the X–Z plane...
7. Figure 35.7 (a) Magnetic field components in GphiO coordinates for the G8 fl...
8. Figure 35.8 Color contours of the simulated field‐aligned current density (J
9. Figure 35.9 Comparison of the convection pattern (green streamlines) and cur...
Chapter 36
1. Figure 36.1 Setup of moon–magnetosphere interaction for the case of Jupiter’...
2. Figure 36.2 Sketch of local plasma interaction in the sub‐Alfvénic case for ...
3. Figure 36.3 Magnetic field lines (orange and red) and velocity stream lines ...
Chapter 37
1. Figure 37.1 Several common choices for numerical grids: (a) a uniform Cartes...
2. Figure 37.2 Time series of velocity maxima and flux tube entropy minima in t...
3. Figure 37.3 LFM simulation of sawtooth event and control simulations. The fi...
Chapter 38
1. Figure 38.1 The four steps of the MHD‐EPIC computational cycle, coupling flu...
2. Figure 38.2 The PIC region is embedded in larger Hall MHD and MHD boxes (lef...
3. Figure 38.3 Electron and ion distribution functions in different spatial reg...
4. Figure 38.4 Electron phase space density along the Z and X directions. An an...
Chapter 39
1. Figure 39.1 Distribution of data in the “grand” database of space magnetomet...
2. Figure 39.2 Histograms of the data distribution with respect to Sym‐H index ...
3. Figure 39.3 Overview of the magnetospheric large‐scale electric current syst...
4. Figure 39.4 Noon–midnight distribution of westward component of electric cur...
5. Figure 39.5 Large‐scale configuration of the model R1 FAC flow lines as desc...
6. Figure 39.6 Diagrams of the model FAC density at ionospheric level for three...
7. Figure 39.7 Equatorial distribution of the scalar difference ΔB = ∣ B_RBF + B
8. Figure 39.8 Meridional distributions of ΔB = ∣ B ∣ − ∣ B_dip∣ in the simulate...
9. Figure 39.9 Bivariate scatterplots illustrating the effect of combining the ...
10. Figure 39.10 Comparing the output of a local geosynchronous field model (red...
11. Figure 39.11 Noon–midnight cuts of the model magnetosphere (T89), correspond...
12. Figure 39.12 Comparison of the observed Sym‐H variation (thick black line) w...
13. Figure 39.13 A 3‐D visualization of electric currents as reconstructed by th...
14. Figure 39.14 Illustrating the adaptive reconstruction of the magnetic field ...
Chapter 40
1. Figure 40.1 Dayside Cluster orbit evolution and configuration strategy.
2. Figure 40.2 Left: a typical MP crossing seen by MMS for a thickness of ~350 ...
3. Figure 40.3 Cartoon of the field topology in: (a) a normal current sheet, (b...
4. Figure 40.4 Orientation of gradients during the Cluster inner magnetosphere ...
5. Figure 40.5 An example demonstrating the application of the FOTE technique t...
6. Figure 40.6 Magnetic field reconstruction results for (a) a magnetopause rec...
7. Figure 40.7 Overview of measurements during a magnetopause encounter by Clus...
8. Figure 40.8 Polar plots representing the orientation of magnetopause normal ...
9. Figure 40.9 STD analysis on a flux rope event (adapted from Shi et al., 2019...
10. Figure 40.10 (a) Identification of mirror mode structures, where the black c...
11. Figure 40.11 Comparison of wave number spectra calculated from Capon and MSR...
12. Figure 40.12 (a) Dispersion relation diagram and wave vector direction distr...
Chapter 41
1. Figure 41.1 (a) The normal electric field E_N is highly asymmetric along N: P...
2. Figure 41.2 MMS2 plasma and field data on 16 October 2015. (A) Magnetic fiel...
3. Figure 41.3 Diagram of the magnetopause current sheet undergoing reconnectio...
4. Figure 41.4 MMS2 data on 8 December 2015. (Left) Plasma and field data for a...
5. Figure 41.5 Analysis of generalized Ohm’s law near the B_L reversal point, a...
6. Figure 41.6 MMS3 plasma and field data on 11 July 2017. (a) Magnetic field c...
7. Figure 41.7 Wave turbulence enhanced at the lower hybrid frequency (f_lh) obs...
8. Figure 41.8 Simultaneous MMS1 (left; a–j) and MMS3 (right; k–t) observations...
Chapter 42
1. Figure 42.1 In the terrestrial magnetosphere, ENAs are produced by charge ex...
2. Figure 42.2 (a) The IMP‐7 spectrum observed upstream of Earth’s magnetospher...
3. Figure 42.3 (a) ENA image in the 26–37 keV range obtained by the Astrid miss...
4. Figure 42.4 During strong geomagnetic storm main phases, the ring current io...
5. Figure 42.5 The asymmetric pressure distribution building up in the nightsid...
6. Figure 42.6 (a)–(c) Storm‐time injection sequence observed by IMAGE/HENA ind...
7. Figure 42.7 The magnetic curvature and gradient drift speeds depend on energ...
8. Figure 42.8 ENA image sequence of ion outflow during three solar wind dynami...
9. Figure 42.9 (a) ENA hydrogen image of a Type‐2 intensification in the Saturn...
Chapter 44
1. Figure 44.1 Comparison of the SYM‐H index from observations (black line) wit...
2. Figure 44.2 Comparison of SYM‐H index from observations (black line) with se...
Chapter 45
1. Figure 45.1 Ion outflow rate at Venus (panel a), Mars (panel b), and Earth (...
2. Figure 45.2 Mass escape rates for Venus‐like, Earth‐like, and Mars‐like plan...
3. Figure 45.3 Ionospheric ions escape routes from the Earth’s magnetosphere (s...
4. Figure 45.4 Total precipitating ion number flux in the auroral zone as obser...
Chapter 46
1. Figure 46.1 Bar graph depicting storm‐integrated solar ‐wind and magnetosphe...
2. Figure 46.2 Left: a thin auroral filament observed near the magnetic zenith ...
3. Figure 46.3 One possible presentational arrangement for system science. Embe...
Chapter 47
1. Figure 47.1 Peak computing speed in giga‐floating‐point operations per secon...
2. Figure 47.2 Department of Energy ESnet data superhighway nodes with ~100 Gb ...

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