Contents

Cover

Books by Kerry Atkinson

Title Page

Dedication

Contributors

Editor's Preface

Section I: An Overview of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Chapter 1: The Mesenchymal Stem Cell, the Mesenchymal Stromal Cell, and the Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Exosome
1. 1.1 Nomenclature
2. 1.2 The Mesenchymal Stem Cell
3. 1.3 The Mesenchymal Stromal Cell
4. 1.4 The Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Exosome and Extracellular Vesicles
5. References
Chapter 2: The Nomenclature of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
1. 2.1 Introduction
2. 2.2 Historical Perspective
3. 2.3 The Need for Common Terminology and Definition: The International Society for Cellular Therapy White Papers of the Mid-2000s
4. 2.4 Updating Terminology
5. References

Section II: The Isolation And Ex Vivo Expansion of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Chapter 3: The Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Bone Marrow
1. 3.1 Introduction
2. 3.2 Stem Cells
3. 3.3 Isolation and Characterization of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
4. 3.4 The Immunomodulatory Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
5. 3.5 The Transcriptome of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
6. References
Chapter 4: The Biology and Clinical Applications of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived from Human Gestational Tissues
1. 4.1 Introduction
2. 4.2 Isolation of Placental Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
3. 4.3 Characteristics of Fetally Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Isolated from Gestational Tissues
4. 4.4 Characteristics of Maternally Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Isolated from Gestational Tissue (the Decidua)
5. 4.5 Comparison of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Fetal and Maternal Tissues Isolated from Gestational Tissues
6. 4.6 Comparison of Gene Expression Profiles Between Human Term-Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells, Human Adult Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells, and Human Umbilical-Cord-Derived Unrestricted Somatic Stem Cells
7. 4.7 Preclinical Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Studies
8. 4.8 Clinical Applications of Placental Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
9. 4.9 Manufacturing Clinical-Grade Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
10. 4.10 Conclusions
11. References
Chapter 5: Human Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: Fetal and Maternal Origins and Critical Parameters for Ex Vivo Expansion
1. 5.1 Introduction
2. 5.2 Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: A Consensus Definition?
3. 5.3 Prenatal and Perinatal Tissue Sources of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
4. 5.4 Fetal Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
5. 5.5 Placental and Adnexal Stem and Progenitor Cells
6. 5.6 Comparison of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells from Different Gestational Sources
7. 5.7 Consensus Classification of Human Placental Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells?
8. 5.8 Differentially Isolating Fetal or Maternal Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells from Term Placental Villi
9. 5.9 Confounding Factors for the Isolation of Fetal Placental Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells from Chorionic Villi
10. 5.10 Assumptions from The Literature: Lack of Data, Specific Assays, and Specific Methodological Detail
11. 5.11 Methods for Determining Fetal and Maternal Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in a Cultured Cell Population
12. 5.12 A Novel Method to Isolate Fetal and Maternal Placental Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
13. 5.13 Understanding the Maternal Origin of the Placental Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: The Septa
14. 5.14 Conclusions and Future Directions
15. Acknowledgments
16. References

Section III: The Cellular and Molecular Biology of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Chapter 6: Epigenetic Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Growth and Multipotentiality
1. 6.1 Introduction
2. 6.2 Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells
3. 6.3 Epigenetics
4. 6.4 DNA Methylation and Histone Modifications in Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
5. 6.5 Epigenetic Regulation of Osteogenic Differentiation
6. 6.6 Epigenetic Regulation of Adipogenic Differentiation
7. 6.7 Epigenetic Regulation of Myogenic Differentiation
8. 6.8 Epigenetic Regulation of Chondrogenic Differentiation
9. 6.9 Epigenetic Regulation of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Lifespan and Senescence
10. 6.10 Regulation of Epigenetic Modifications in Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells for Clinical Use
11. 6.11 Conclusions
12. References
Chapter 7: Biological Changes in Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells During Monolayer Culture
1. 7.1 Introduction
2. 7.2 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Isolation from Bone Marrow
3. 7.3 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Isolation from Adipose Tissue
4. 7.4 Biological Characteristics
5. 7.5 Influences on Tissue Culture Parameters
6. 7.6 Implications for Basic and Clinical Research
7. 7.7 Conclusions and Future Directions
8. References
Chapter 8: The Effect of Three-Dimensional Aggregates on the Biology of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
1. 8.1 Three-Dimensional Multicellular Aggregates
2. 8.2 Three-Dimensional Aggregates of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
3. 8.3 Mechanism of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Self-Assembly Into Three-Dimensional Aggregates
4. 8.4 Mechanisms of Aggregate-Mediated Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Functional Enhancement
5. 8.5 Bioreactor Systems for Three-Dimensional Aggregate Production
6. 8.6 Transplantation of Three-Dimensional Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Aggregates in Preclinical Animal Models of Disease
7. References
Chapter 9: Cell–Cell Signaling Pathways that Regulate Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Differentiation
1. 9.1 Introduction
2. 9.2 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Signaling is Dependent on its Type
3. 9.3 Identity of Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
4. 9.4 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Signaling in the Stem Cell Niche
5. 9.5 Regulation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Differentiation by the TGF-β/BMP Signaling Pathway
6. 9.6 Regulation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Differentiation by the Wnt Signaling Pathway
7. 9.7 Conclusions
8. References
Chapter 10: Regulation of Mitochondrial Transport in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
1. 10.1 Introduction
2. 10.2 Intercellular Organelle Transport
3. 10.3 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Potential Mitochondrial Donors
4. 10.4 Strategies to Improve Mitochondrial Delivery to Target Cells
5. 10.5 The Road Ahead
6. References
Chapter 11: The Regulation of Adipogenesis from Adipose-Derived Stem/Stromal Cells
1. 11.1 Introduction
2. 11.2 Adipose-Derived Stem/Stromal Cells
3. 11.3 Process of Adipogenic Differentiation from Adipose-Derived Stem/Stromal Cells
4. 11.4 Regulation of Adipogenic Differentiation from Adipose-Derived Stem/Stromal Cells
5. 11.5 The Future
6. References
Chapter 12: Modulation of Osteogenic Differentiation in Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
1. 12.1 Introduction
2. 12.2 Biology
3. 12.3 Clinical Applications of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Bone Disorders
4. 12.4 Summary
5. References
Chapter 13: The Role of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitors on Bone Remodeling
1. 13.1 Overview of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3
2. 13.2 The Response of Skeletal Cells to Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitors In Vitro
3. 13.3 Bone Anabolism through Inhibition of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 In Vivo
4. 13.4 Impact of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibition in Bone Disease
5. 13.5 Summary
6. References
Chapter 14: Early Molecular Events During In Vitro Chondrogenesis
1. 14.1 Introduction
2. 14.2 Adult Articular Cartilage
3. 14.3 Developmental Chondrogenesis
4. 14.4 Molecular Aspects of In Vivo Chondrogenesis
5. 14.5 Determinants of In Vitro Chondrogenesis
6. 14.6 Tissue Source of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
7. 14.7 Three-Dimensional Culture Systems and Bioscaffolds
8. 14.8 Epigenetic Changes During Early In Vitro Chondrogenesis
9. 14.9 Role of MicroRNAs During Early In Vitro Chondrogenesis
10. 14.10 Early Changes in Gene Expression During In Vitro Chondrogenesis
11. 14.11 Conclusions
12. References
Chapter 15: The Role of the Extracellular Matrix in the Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
1. 15.1 Summary
2. 15.2 Multipotency of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
3. 15.3 The Extracellular Matrix and Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Differentiation
4. 15.4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
5. Acknowledgments
6. References
Chapter 16: Effects of Hypoxic Culture on Bone Marrow Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: From Bench to Bedside
1. 16.1 Introduction
2. 16.2 Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
3. 16.3 Criteria for Defining Human Multipotent Stromal Cells
4. 16.4 Problems Encountered in the Clinical Application of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
5. 16.5 The Hypoxic Niche of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
6. 16.6 Involvement of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α in Hypoxia-Mediated Effects
7. 16.7 Effects of Hypoxic Culture on Glucose Metabolism and Oxidative Stress of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
8. 16.8 Effects of Hypoxic Culture on the Apoptosis of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
9. 16.9 Effects of Hypoxic Culture on Expansion and Life Span of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
10. 16.10 Effects of Hypoxic Culture on Maintaining Self-Renewal and Differentiation Potential of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
11. 16.11 Differentiation of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells under Hypoxic Conditions
12. 16.12 Effects of Hypoxic Culture on Secretion of Paracrine Factors by Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
13. 16.13 Effects of Hypoxic Culture on Engraftment of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
14. 16.14 Effects of Hypoxic Culture on Allogeneic Transplantation of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
15. 16.15 Conclusions
16. Acknowledgments
17. References
Chapter 17: The Role of Cyclic Tensile Strain on Osteogenesis and Angiogenesis in Human Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
1. 17.1 Introduction
2. 17.2 Applications of Tensile Strain: An Interpretation from Physiological Stimuli In Vivo to Bioreactors In Vitro
3. 17.3 Mechanical Sensing of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
4. 17.4 The Molecular Response of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells to Cyclic Tensile Strain
5. 17.5 Summary
6. Acknowledgments
7. References
Chapter 18: The Evolving Concept of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Regenerative Medicine: From Cell Differentiation to Secretome
1. 18.1 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
2. 18.2 The Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretome
3. 18.3 The Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Secretome in Transplantation and Regenerative Medicine
4. 18.4 The Peripheral Nervous System
5. 18.5 Future Perspectives
6. References
Chapter 19: The Secretome of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Undergoing Chondrogenic Differentiation and Those Undergoing Osteogenic or Adipogenic Differentiation
1. 19.1 Introduction to Protein Secretion and the Analysis of Secretomes
2. 19.2 Analysis of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Secretomes Using Proteomic Approaches
3. 19.3 Analysis of the Secretome of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Undergoing Chondrogenesis
4. 19.4 Characterization of Chondrogenesis Markers by Secretome Analysis
5. 19.5 Characterization of Osteogenesis Markers by Secretome Analysis
6. 19.6 Characterization of Adipogenesis Markers by Secretome Analysis
7. 19.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
8. References
Chapter 20: Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Extracellular Vesicles/Exosomes
1. 20.1 From Cell to Secretion to Exosome
2. 20.2 Extracellular Vesicles
3. 20.3 The Therapeutic Use of Exosomes
4. 20.4 The Clinical Translation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Exosomes
5. 20.5 Conclusions
6. References
Chapter 21: Role of Tunneling Nanotube Crosstalk with Distressed Cardiomyocytes in Controlling the Heart Repair Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
1. 21.1 Introduction
2. 21.2 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as a Promising Tool to Regenerate Damaged Heart Tissue
3. 21.3 Tunneling Nanotubes: A Universal Route of Intercellular Communication between Distant Cells
4. 21.4 Tunneling Nanotubes: A Novel Cell-to Cell Communication Pathway Improving the Cardiac Regenerative Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
5. 21.5 Conclusions
6. References
Chapter 22: The Preferential Homing of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Sites of Inflammation
1. 22.1 Introduction
2. 22.2 Molecular Mechanisms of Migration
3. 22.3 The Inflammatory Milieu
4. 22.4 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Extravasation
5. 22.5 In Vivo Migration
6. 22.6 Optimizing Homing
7. 22.7 Conclusions
8. References
Chapter 23: The Role of Chemokines in Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Homing to Sites of Inflammation, Including Infarcted Myocardium
1. 23.1 Summary
2. 23.2 Introduction
3. 23.3 Homing Capacity of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
4. 23.4 Homing Ability of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and their Therapeutic Effects
5. 23.5 Mechanisms of Leukocyte Trafficking to Sites of Inflammation
6. 23.6 Potential Ligands/Receptors for Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Homing
7. 23.7 Chemokine Involvement in Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Homing
8. 23.8 Pretreatment of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells with Cytokines and Growth Factors
9. 23.9 Summary and Future Prospects
10. Acknowledgments
11. References
Chapter 24: Live Cell Imaging and Single Cell Tracking of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells In Vitro
1. 24.1 Introduction
2. 24.2 Technical Considerations
3. 24.3 Single Cell Tracking and Analysis
4. 24.4 Case Study: Tracking Differentiation of Endothelial Cells from Cardiac-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
5. 24.5 Future Perspective on Live Cell Imaging and Single Cell Tracking
6. References
Chapter 25: The Role of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in Angiogenesis
1. 25.1 Introduction
2. 25.2 The Current Concept of Angiogenesis
3. 25.3 Proangiogenic Properties of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
4. 25.4 Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells as a Therapeutic Tool for Diseases Caused by Insufficient Angiogenesis
5. 25.5 Enhancing the Angiogenic Efficacy of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
6. 25.6 Transdifferentiation of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells towards Endothelial Cells
7. 25.7 Conclusions, Therapeutic Expectations, and Challenges
8. References
Chapter 26: The Relationship Between Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Endothelial Cells
1. 26.1 Introduction
2. 26.2 Transendothelial Migration of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
3. 26.3 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell–Endothelial Cell Crosstalk in Angiogenesis
4. 26.4 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell–Endothelial Cell Crosstalk in Tumor Angiogenesis
5. 26.5 Endothelial Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
6. 26.6 Development of a Biologically Active Niche Through Bidirectional Endothelial Cell–Stromal Cell Crosstalk
7. 26.7 Determination of Stem Cell Fate Through Crosstalk with Endothelial Cells
8. 26.8 Beneficial Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell–Endothelial Cell Interactions in Some Tissue Pathologies
9. References
Chapter 27: The Radioresistance of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Potential Role in the Management of Radiation Injury
1. 27.1 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Modulators of Hematopoiesis
2. 27.2 The Response of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells to Ionizing Radiation
3. 27.3 The DNA Damage Response
4. 27.4 DNA Double-Strand Break Repair
5. 27.5 Apoptosis
6. 27.6 Cellular Senescence
7. 27.7 Stem Cells Exhibit a Mixed Response to DNA Damage
8. 27.8 The DNA Damage Response of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
9. 27.9 Effects of Hypoxia on Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Radioresistance
10. 27.10 Clinical Relevance of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Radiation Injury: Two Sides to the Coin
11. References
Chapter 28: The Implications of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Tumor Biology and Therapy
1. 28.1 Introduction
2. 28.2 Origin and Identification of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment
3. 28.3 The Migratory Capacity of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
4. 28.4 Context-Dependent Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment
5. 28.5 The Potential Immunomodulation by Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment
6. 28.6 Therapeutic Application of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Cancer
7. Acknowledgments
8. References
Chapter 29: Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Therapy: Mechanism of Action and Host Response
1. 29.1 Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
2. 29.2 Therapeutic Application of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
3. 29.3 Mechanism of Action
4. 29.4 Host Immune Response to Autologous Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Transplantation
5. 29.5 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in an Inflammatory Microenvironment
6. 29.6 Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells-Mediated Immunomodulation of the Innate Immune System
7. 29.7 Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells-Mediated Immune Modulation of the Adaptive Immune System
8. 29.8 Host Immune Response to Transplantation of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
9. 29.9 Summary
10. References
Chapter 30: The Differences between Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Fibroblasts
1. 30.1 Introduction
2. 30.2 Phenotypic Similarities and Differences between Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Fibroblasts
3. 30.3 Cell Surface Membrane Markers
4. 30.4 Gene Expression Profile of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Fibroblasts
5. 30.5 Differentiation Potential of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Fibroblasts
6. 30.6 Immune Modulation Capability of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Fibroblasts
7. 30.7 Modulation of Inflammation by Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Fibroblasts
8. 30.8 Angiogenic Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Fibroblasts
9. 30.9 Conclusions
10. References
Chapter 31: Derivation of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
1. 31.1 Introduction
2. 31.2 Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells as Candidates for Cellular Therapy
3. 31.3 Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
4. 31.4 Adult Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
5. 31.5 Fetal Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
6. 31.6 Embryonic Stem Cells
7. 31.7 Embryonic Stem-Cell-Derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
8. 31.8 Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
9. 31.9 Small-Molecule Methods for Differentiating Pluripotent Stem Cells into Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
10. 31.10 Derivation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells through a Novel Transforming Growth Factor-β Inhibitor Method
11. 31.11 Mesenchymal Characterization of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Derived through the Inhibitor Method
12. 31.12 Immune Tolerance to Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
13. 31.13 Kinetics of the Proliferation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
14. 31.14 Tumorigenic Potential of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
15. 31.15 Critical Parameters for Future Preclinical Production of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell–Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
16. 31.16 Plasticity of Lineage Commitment: Reprogramming, Deprogramming and Dedifferentiation
17. 31.17 How to Develop “Young” Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells: Going Backward to go Forward?
18. 31.18 Small-Molecules Inhibitors for Generating “Young” Stem Cells
19. 31.19 Primitive Stem Cells and Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cell Generation by Physical Factors
20. 31.20 Conclusions
21. 31.21 Future Directions
22. Acknowledgements
23. References
Chapter 32: The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Hematopoiesis
1. 32.1 Introduction
2. 32.2 Hematopoietic Stem Cells Need a Niche
3. 32.3 A Mesenchymal Hierarchy
4. 32.4 Identification of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Relationship with Hematopoietic Stem Cells in the Mouse
5. 32.5 More Than One Nestin+ Cell Type and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche Exist in the Mouse Bone Marrow
6. 32.6 Controversies Surrounding Nestin+ Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Other Genetic Models for Alternative Mesenchymal Stem Cells
7. 32.7 Other Stromal Cells Regulate Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Additional Tools to Study Their Role in Regulating Hematopoiesis
8. 32.8 Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Human Hematopoiesis
9. 32.9 Conclusions
10. References
Chapter 33: The Modulatory Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on the Innate Immune System
1. 33.1 Introduction to the Innate Immune System
2. 33.2 Interactions with Dendritic Cells
3. 33.3 Interactions with Monocytes, Macrophages, and Immature Myeloid Cells
4. 33.4 Interactions with Natural Killer Lymphocytes
5. 33.5 Interactions with Neutrophils, Other Granulocytes, and Mast Cells
6. 33.6 Interactions with Complement
7. References
Chapter 34: The Modulatory Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on the Adaptive Immune System
1. 34.1 Introduction to the Adaptive Immune System
2. 34.2 Interactions with T Lymphocytes
3. 34.3 Interactions with B Lymphocytes
4. References
Chapter 35: The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Repair of Acute Organ Injury
1. 35.1 Effect of Acute Organ Injury on the Proliferative and Functional Activity of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
2. 35.2 Paracrine Effect of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Acute Organ Injury
3. 35.3 Mesenchymal-Stromal Cells in the Treatment of Acute Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury
4. 35.4 The Use of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Acute Lung and Airway Injury
5. 35.5 Current Approaches to Controlled Transplantation of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Acute Organ Injury
6. 35.6 Conclusions
7. Acknowledgment
8. References
Chapter 36: The Use of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Treatment of Diseases of the Cornea
1. 36.1 Introduction
2. 36.2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Human Cornea
3. 36.3 Overview of Corneal Pathology
4. 36.4 Corneal Transplantation and Cultivated Epithelial Autografts
5. 36.5 Evidence for Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Modulators of Corneal Disease
6. 36.6 Evidence for Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as a Source of New Corneal Cells
7. 36.7 The Biology of Cornea-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
8. 36.8 Conclusions and Future Directions
9. Acknowledgments
10. References
Chapter 37: The Role of Paracrine Factors Secreted by Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Acute Tissue Injury
1. 37.1 Introduction
2. 37.2 Cell Replacement and Cell Empowerment
3. 37.3 Paracrine Factors Produced by Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
4. 37.4 Conclusions
5. Acknowledgments
6. References
Chapter 38: Treatment of Lung Disease by Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Extracellular Vesicles
1. 38.1 Introduction
2. 38.2 Definitions and Characterization of Extracellular Vesicles
3. 38.3 Nomenclature Defined by Size and Morphology
4. 38.4 Common Methods of Collection of Extracellular Vesicles
5. 38.5 Quantification of Extracellular Vesicles
6. 38.6 Interaction of Extracellular Vesicles with Targeted Cells
7. 38.7 Endogenous Extracellular Vesicles in Lung Disease
8. 38.8 Therapeutic Properties of Extracellular Vesicles Derived From Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
9. 38.9 Remaining Questions on the Therapeutic Use of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Extracellular Vesicles
10. 38.10 Regulatory Considerations for the Clinical Use of Extracellular Vesicles
11. 38.11 Conclusions
12. References
Chapter 39: Evaluating Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells for Treatment of Asthma and Allergic Rhinitis
1. 39.1 Summary
2. 39.2 Introduction
3. 39.3 Early and Late Asthma Response
4. 39.4 Airway Remodeling
5. 39.5 Innate Immunity of the Airway
6. 39.6 Adaptive Immunity of the Respiratory Tract
7. 39.7 Toll-Like Receptors
8. 39.8 Allergic Rhinitis and Immunology
9. 39.9 Immune Modulation by Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells
10. 39.10 The Future of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells as Therapy for Allergic Diseases
11. References
Chapter 40: Stem Cell Therapies for Huntington's Disease
1. 40.1 Introduction
2. 40.2 Huntington's Disease
3. 40.3 Animal Models
4. 40.4 In Vitro Models
5. 40.5 Experimental Therapies
6. 40.6 Cell Transplantation
7. 40.7 Conclusions
8. References

Section IV: The Role of Bioengineering in the Therapeutic Applications of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Chapter 41: Endometrial Mesenchymal Stromal Cell and Tissue Engineering for Pelvic Organ Prolapse Repair
1. 41.1 Introduction
2. 41.2 Pelvic Floor Disorders
3. 41.3 Pelvic Organ Prolapse
4. 41.4 Tissue Engineering
5. 41.5 Endometrium is Highly Regenerative and Contains Stem/Stromal Cells
6. 41.6 Culture Expansion of Endometrial Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells Toward Current Good Manufacturing Practice Conditions
7. 41.7 Tissue Engineering for Pelvic Organ Prolapse Repair
8. 41.8 Conclusions
9. Acknowledgments
10. References
Chapter 42: Closed Automated Large-Scale Bioreactors for Manufacturing Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Clinical Use
1. 42.1 Introduction
2. 42.2 Design of a Semi-Automated Closed-System Bioreactor Capable of Manufacturing Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Clinical Use
3. 42.3 A Commercially Available Closed-System Bioreactor for Manufacturing Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Clinical Use
4. References

Section V: GMP Manufacturing of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Clinical Use

Chapter 43: Current Good Manufacturing Practice for the Isolation and Ex Vivo Expansion of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Derived from Term Human Placenta for Use in Clinical Trials
1. 43.1 Source of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Use in Clinical Trials
2. 43.2 Inclusion Criteria for Mothers Wishing to Donate Their Term Placenta for Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Use in Clinical Trials Approved by a Human Research Ethics Committee
3. 43.3 Exclusion Criteria for Mothers Wishing to Donate Their Term Placenta for Isolation and Expansion of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Use in Clinical Trials Approved by a Human Research Ethics Committee
4. 43.4 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Manufacturing
5. 43.5 Phase 1 Trials Using Placenta-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
6. References
Chapter 44: A Comparison of High-Tier Regulatory Documents Pertaining to Biologic Drugs Including Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Australia, Europe, and the USA Using a Manual Documentary Analysis
1. 44.1 Introduction
2. 44.2 Background
3. 44.3 Definitions Used by the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration, the European Medicine Agency, and the US Food and Drug Administration for “Biologicals”
4. 44.4 Complexity of the Area
5. 44.5 Analysis of Documents
6. 44.6 Regulatory Science
7. 44.7 Interpretation of the Analysis of the Documents
8. 44.8 Conclusions
9. References

Section VI: The Therapeutic Application of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells

Chapter 45: The Use of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Acute and Chronic Heart Disease
1. 45.1 Introduction
2. 45.2 The Biology of Acute and Chronic Ischemic Cardiomyopathy
3. 45.3 Characterization of Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells
4. 45.4 Cell Combination Therapy
5. 45.5 Clinical Trials Utilizing Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells
6. 45.6 Clinical Trials Utilizing Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells
7. 45.7 Preconditioning in the Clinical Setting
8. 45.8 Conclusions
9. References
Chapter 46: The Role of Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells in the Management of Critical Limb Ischemia
1. 46.1 Introduction
2. 46.2 Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and Angiogenesis
3. 46.3 Potency Assays for Cells to be Used in Critical Limb Ischemia
4. 46.4 Preclinical Studies
5. 46.5 Clinical Trials in Critical Limb Ischemia
6. 46.6 Conclusions
7. References
Chapter 47: The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Management of Musculoskeletal Disorders
1. 47.1 Summary
2. 47.2 Introduction
3. 47.3 Stem Cells for Bone Regeneration
4. 47.4 Stem Cells for Cartilage Regeneration
5. 47.5 Stem Cells for Tendon Regeneration
6. 47.6 Stem Cells for Skeletal Muscle Regeneration
7. 47.7 Stem Cells for Wound Repair
8. 47.8 Conclusions
9. References
Chapter 48: The Potential Role of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke
1. 48.1 Introduction
2. 48.2 Transplantation Route and Mechanisms of Migration
3. 48.3 Tracking Techniques for Transplanted Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
4. 48.4 Cytokines and Neurotrophic Factors
5. 48.5 Angiogenesis
6. 48.6 Neurogenesis
7. 48.7 Axonal Sprouting and Remyelination
8. 48.8 Antiapoptotic Effects
9. 48.9 Immunomodulation
10. 48.10 Pretreatment of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Prior to their Administration in Animal Models of Ischemic Stroke
11. 48.11 Clinical Trials Involving Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke
12. 48.12 Controversies and Safety Analysis of Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Treatment of Ischemic Stroke
13. 48.13 Conclusions and Perspectives
14. Acknowledgments
15. References
Chapter 49: The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Spinal Cord Injury
1. 49.1 The Central Nervous System
2. 49.2 Spinal Cord Injury
3. 49.3 Cell Therapy
4. 49.4 Chronic Spinal Cord Injury
5. 49.5 Cellular Transplants for Spinal Cord Injury
6. 49.6 Conclusions
7. Acknowledgments
8. References
Chapter 50: The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn's Disease
1. 50.1 Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
2. 50.2 Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
3. 50.3 Treatment of Crohn's Disease
4. 50.4 Treatment of Ulcerative Colitis
5. 50.5 Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
6. 50.6 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Administration in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
7. 50.7 The Future of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Treatment in Inflammatory Bowel Diseases
8. 50.8 Issues to be Resolved
9. 50.9 Safety
10. 50.10 Conclusions
11. References
Chapter 51: Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Targeting Kidney Disease: Benefits of a Combined Therapeutic Approach
1. 51.1 Introduction
2. 51.2 Immune Modulation and Protective Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
3. 51.3 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Homing, Recruitment, and Tracking
4. 51.4 Mechanisms of Kidney Injury and Capacity for Repair
5. 51.5 Kidney Injury and Repair in Balance with Fibrosis
6. 51.6 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Delivery Tools for Therapies
7. 51.7 Clinical Trials with Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
8. 51.8 The Antifibrotic Functions of Relaxin
9. 51.9 Combination Therapy Using Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Relaxin
10. 51.10 Conclusions
11. References
Chapter 52: The Biology and Potential Clinical Applications of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Diseases of the Lung
1. 52.1 Introduction to Lung Disease
2. 52.2 What are Stem Cells?
3. 52.3 What are Mesenchymal Stromal Cells?
4. 52.4 Lung-Resident Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
5. 52.5 Tracking Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Body
6. 52.6 The Properties of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells that Favor Repair
7. 52.7 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Delivery Agents for Drugs
8. 52.8 Preclinical and Clinical Studies of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Pulmonary Diseases
9. 52.9 Challenges in Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Administration in Lung Diseases
10. 52.10 Summary and Conclusions
11. References
Chapter 53: The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Diseases of the Lung
1. 53.1 Introduction
2. 53.2 Pulmonary Fibrosis
3. 53.3 Asthma
4. 53.4 Obliterative Bronchiolitis
5. 53.5 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Emphysema
6. 53.6 Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia
7. 53.7 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Acute Lung Injury
8. 53.8 Conclusions
9. References
Chapter 54: Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for the Treatment of Autoimmune Diseases
1. 54.1 Cell Biology of Endogenous Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
2. 54.2 Cell Biology of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Culture
3. 54.3 Immunosuppression: Lessons from Oncology
4. 54.4 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Response to Inflammatory Signals: Licensing and Integration
5. 54.5 Strength of Signal and Integration
6. 54.6 Clinical Applications of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Immune-Mediated Diseases
7. 54.7 Conclusions and Next Steps
8. References
Chapter 55: The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Bacterial Infection
1. 55.1 Introduction
2. 55.2 Experimental Models of Bacterial Infection and Sepsis
3. 55.3 Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on the Innate Immune Response
4. 55.4 Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells on the Adaptive Immune Response
5. 55.5 Antimicrobial Activity of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
6. 55.6 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Endothelial/Epithelial Dysfunction
7. 55.7 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Effect on Organ Injury in Infection
8. 55.8 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Cytokine and Growth Factor Production
9. 55.9 Toll-Like Receptors and Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
10. 55.10 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Homing
11. 55.11 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Response to Oxidative Stress
12. 55.12 Paracrine Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
13. 55.13 Transcriptomic Analysis of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Therapy in Sepsis
14. 55.14 Summary
15. References
Chapter 56: The Use of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Solid Organ Transplantation
1. 56.1 Introduction
2. 56.2 Potential Effects of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Solid Organ Transplantation
3. 56.3 Immunomodulation
4. 56.4 Tissue and Organ Regeneration
5. 56.5 Prevention of Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury
6. 56.6 Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Administration in Solid Organ Transplantation
7. 56.7 Conclusions
8. References
Chapter 57: The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
1. 57.1 The Immunobiology of Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation
2. 57.2 The Immunobiology of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
3. 57.3 The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Expansion of Hematopoietic Stem Cells
4. 57.4 The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Marrow Graft Rejection
5. 57.5 The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Prevention of Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease
6. 57.6 The Role of Mesenchymal Cells in the Treatment of Corticosteroid-Refractory Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease
7. 57.7 The Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Exosome: A Substitute for the Mesenchymal Stromal Cell?
8. References
Chapter 58: The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Management of Skin Wounds
1. 58.1 Introduction
2. 58.2 The Wound Healing Process
3. 58.3 The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Wound Healing Process
4. 58.4 Conclusions and the Future
5. References
Chapter 59: The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Skin Wound Healing
1. 59.1 Summary
2. 59.2 Introduction
3. 59.3 The Role of Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Wound Healing
4. 59.4 The Role of Adipose-Tissue-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Wound Healing
5. 59.5 The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Placental Tissues in Wound Healing
6. 59.6 The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Dermal Tissue in Wound Healing
7. 59.7 The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells from Blood in Wound Healing
8. 59.8 Questions and Challenges Regarding Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Administration in Wound Healing
9. 59.9 Conclusions
10. References

Section VII: Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Delivery Vehicles for Therapeutic Agents

Chapter 60: The Role of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Human Brain Tumors
1. 60.1 Introduction
2. 60.2 Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in the Therapy of Human Gliomas
3. 60.3 Cellular Therapy for Gliomas
4. 60.4 The Advantages of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Clinical Use
5. 60.5 The Rationale for Using Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Glioma Therapy
6. 60.6 Mechanisms Underlying Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Tropism for Gliomas
7. 60.7 Strategies to Enhance Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Homing to Gliomas
8. 60.8 Types of Therapeutic Cargo
9. 60.9 Delivery Routes of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Clinical Applications
10. 60.10 Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Biology of Gliomas
11. 60.11 Controversy Over Tumor-Associated Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Solid Tumors and Gliomas
12. 60.12 A Model of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Glioma Biology
13. 60.13 Prospects for Clinical Use of Bone-Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Glioma Therapy
14. References
Chapter 61: Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Gene Delivery Vehicles to Treat Nonmalignant Diseases
1. 61.1 Introduction
2. 61.2 What are Mesenchymal Stromal Cells?
3. 61.3 Genetic Modification of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
4. 61.4 Preclinical Models of Gene-Modified Mesenchymal Stromal Cells: Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Migration and Survival
5. 61.5 Gene-Modified Mesenchymal Stromal Cells as Immune Modulators
6. 61.6 Gene-Modified Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Skeletal Disorders
7. 61.7 Gene-Modified Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Cardiovascular Disease
8. 61.8 Gene-Modified Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Kidney Disease
9. 61.9 Gene-Modified Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Neurological Disease
10. 61.10 Gene-Modified Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Other Nonmalignant Diseases
11. 61.11 Conclusions and Future Directions
12. References
Chapter 62: Gene Therapy for Cancer Using Mesenchymal Stromal Cells
1. 62.1 Introduction
2. 62.2 Applications of Genetically Engineered Mesenchymal Stromal Cells for Cancer Therapy
3. 62.3 Molecular Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Accumulation at Tumor Sites
4. 62.4 Considerations in the Use of Genetically Engineered Mesenchymal Stromal Cells in Cancer Therapy
5. 62.5 Summary and Conclusions
6. References

Section VIII: The Present and the Future

Chapter 63: Breaking News
1. 63.1 In Vitro Laboratory Studies
2. 63.2 Preclinical In Vivo Animal Studies
3. 63.3 Clinical Trials
4. 63.4 Regulatory Approval for Marketing Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Products
5. References
Chapter 64: Reconciling the Stem Cell and Paracrine Paradigms of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Function
1. 64.1 Summary
2. 64.2 Introduction
3. 64.3 The Stem Cell Paradigm Revisited
4. 64.4 The Paracrine Paradigm
5. 64.5 Modeling Mesenchymal Stem Cell Function Using Lessons Learned from Immunology
6. 64.6 A Stem-Cell-Centric View of Mesenchymal Stem Cells
7. 64.7 Closing Remarks
8. References

Glossary

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Table 1.1

Table 3.1

Table 3.2

Table 5.1

Table 5.2

Table 6.1

Table 6.2

Table 7.1

Table 8.1

Table 13.1

Table 13.2

Table 14.1

Table 16.1

Table 16.2

Table 16.3

Table 19.1

Table 19.2

Table 19.3

Table 19.4

Table 22.1

Table 22.2

Table 22.3

Table 23.1

Table 24.1

Table 24.2

Table 25.1

Table 25.2

Table 30.1

Table 31.1

Table 31.2

Table 32.1

Table 32.2

Table 32.3

Table 35.1

Table 36.1

Table 36.2

Table 36.3

Table 36.4

Table 40.1

Table 40.2

Table 44.1

Table 44.2

Table 44.3

Table 44.4

Table 44.5

Table 44.6

Table 46.1

Table 46.2

Table 48.1

Table 48.2

Table 48.3

Table 49.1

Table 50.1

Table 51.1

Table 51.2

Table 52.1

Table 52.2

Table 52.3

Table 52.4

Table 52.5

Table 52.6

Table 52.7

Table 55.1

Table 59.1

Table 59.2

Table 59.3

Table 59.4

Table 60.1

Table 60.2

Table 62.1

Table 64.1

Table 64.2

List of Illustrations

Figure 1.1

Figure 1.2

Figure 1.3

Figure 3.1

Figure 3.2

Figure 3.3

Figure 4.1

Figure 4.2

Figure 4.3

Figure 4.4

Figure 4.5

Figure 5.1

Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

Figure 6.3

Figure 7.1

Figure 7.2

Figure 7.3

Figure 7.4

Figure 7.5

Figure 8.1

Figure 8.2

Figure 8.3

Figure 9.1

Figure 9.2

Figure 9.3

Figure 10.1

Figure 10.2

Figure 11.1

Figure 11.2

Figure 11.3

Figure 11.4

Figure 11.5

Figure 11.6

Figure 11.7

Figure 11.8

Figure 11.9

Figure 11.10

Figure 12.1

Figure 12.2

Figure 12.3

Figure 12.4

Figure 12.5

Figure 13.1

Figure 13.2

Figure 14.1

Figure 14.2

Figure 14.3

Figure 14.4

Figure 14.5

Figure 14.6

Figure 14.7

Figure 14.8

Figure 14.9

Figure 14.10

Figure 15.1

Figure 16.1

Figure 16.2

Figure 16.3

Figure 16.4

Figure 17.1

Figure 17.2

Figure 17.3

Figure 17.4

Figure 17.5

Figure 17.6

Figure 17.7

Figure 18.1

Figure 18.2

Figure 18.3

Figure 18.4

Figure 19.1

Figure 19.2

Figure 20.1

Figure 21.1

Figure 21.2

Figure 21.3

Figure 21.4

Figure 21.5

Figure 21.6

Figure 21.7

Figure 21.8

Figure 21.9

Figure 22.1

Figure 22.2

Figure 22.3

Figure 22.4

Figure 22.5

Figure 22.6

Figure 23.1

Figure 23.2

Figure 23.3

Figure 24.1

Figure 24.2

Figure 24.3

Figure 24.4

Figure 24.5

Figure 24.6

Figure 24.7

Figure 24.8

Figure 24.9

Figure 24.10

Figure 24.11

Figure 24.12

Figure 24.13

Figure 24.14

Figure 25.1

Figure 25.2

Figure 25.3

Figure 26.1

Figure 26.2

Figure 26.3

Figure 26.4

Figure 26.5

Figure 27.1

Figure 27.2

Figure 27.3

Figure 27.4

Figure 27.5

Figure 27.6

Figure 28.1

Figure 28.2

Figure 29.1

Figure 29.2

Figure 29.3

Figure 29.4

Figure 30.1

Figure 30.2

Figure 30.3

Figure 30.4

Figure 31.1

Figure 31.2

Figure 31.3

Figure 31.4

Figure 32.1

Figure 32.2

Figure 33.1

Figure 33.2

Figure 33.3

Figure 33.4

Figure 34.1

Figure 34.2

Figure 35.1

Figure 35.2

Figure 35.3

Figure 35.4

Figure 35.5

Figure 35.6

Figure 35.7

Figure 35.8

Figure 35.9

Figure 35.10

Figure 35.11

Figure 36.1

Figure 36.2

Figure 36.3

Figure 36.4

Figure 37.1

Figure 37.2

Figure 38.1

Figure 38.2

Figure 38.3

Figure 39.1

Figure 40.1

Figure 40.2

Figure 40.3

Figure 40.4

Figure 40.5

Figure 40.6

Figure 40.7

Figure 40.8

Figure 40.9

Figure 40.10

Figure 40.11

Figure 41.1

Figure 41.2

Figure 41.3

Figure 41.4

Figure 43.1

Figure 43.2

Figure 43.3

Figure 43.4

Figure 43.5

Figure 43.6

Figure 43.7

Figure 43.8

Figure 44.1

Figure 44.2

Figure 45.1

Figure 45.2

Figure 45.3

Figure 45.4

Figure 45.5

Figure 46.1

Figure 46.2

Figure 46.3

Figure 46.4

Figure 46.5

Figure 46.6

Figure 46.7

Figure 46.8

Figure 46.9

Figure 46.10

Figure 46.11

Figure 47.1

Figure 47.2

Figure 47.3

Figure 47.4

Figure 47.5

Figure 47.6

Figure 47.7

Figure 47.8

Figure 48.1

Figure 48.2

Figure 48.3

Figure 48.4

Figure 48.5

Figure 48.6

Figure 48.7

Figure 48.8

Figure 48.9

Figure 49.1

Figure 49.2

Figure 49.3

Figure 49.4

Figure 49.5

Figure 50.1

Figure 50.2

Figure 50.3

Figure 50.4

Figure 50.5

Figure 50.6

Figure 50.7

Figure 50.8

Figure 51.1

Figure 51.2

Figure 52.1

Figure 52.2

Figure 53.1

Figure 53.2

Figure 53.3

Figure 53.4

Figure 53.5

Figure 54.1

Figure 54.2

Figure 54.3

Figure 54.4

Figure 54.5

Figure 54.6

Figure 54.7

Figure 54.8

Figure 54.9

Figure 55.1

Figure 56.1

Figure 56.2

Figure 57.1

Figure 59.1

Figure 59.2

Figure 59.3

Figure 60.1

Figure 60.2

Figure 60.3

Figure 60.4

Figure 60.5

Figure 61.1

Figure 61.2

Figure 61.3

Figure 61.4

Figure 61.5

Figure 61.6

Figure 61.7

Figure 61.8

Figure 61.9

Figure 61.10

Figure 61.11

Figure 62.1

Figure 62.2

Figure 64.1

Figure 64.2

Figure 64.3

Figure 64.4

Books by Kerry Atkinson

Graft-versus-Host Disease. Editors, S Burakoff, H J Deeg, J Ferrara, K Atkinson. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, 1990.
Clinical Bone Marrow Transplantation. First edition. Editor, K Atkinson. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1994.
The BMT Data Book: A Manual for Bone Marrow and Blood Stem Cell Transplantation. K. Atkinson, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1998.
Clinical Bone Marrow and Blood Stem Cell Transplantation. Second edition. Editor, K. Atkinson. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2000.
Clinical Bone Marrow and Blood Stem Cell Transplantation. Third edition. Editors K. Atkinson, R Champlin, J Ritz, M Brenner, P Ljungman and W Fibbe. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2004.
The BMT Data Book. Second edition. Editors, R Munker, H M Lazarus and K Atkinson, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, 2009.
The BMT Data Book: Including Cellular Therapy. Third edition. Editors, R Munker, C Hildebrandt, H M Lazarus and K Atkinson, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2013.
Hematopoietic Cell Transplants. Concepts, Controversies and Future Directions. Editors H M Lazarus, R P Gale, A Keating, A Bacigalupo, R Munker, K Atkinson and A Syed. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 2016. In press.
Bird Facts for Everyone. Outskirts Press, Denver, USA, 2013.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Names: Atkinson, Kerry, editor.

Title: The biology and therapeutic application of mesenchymal cells / edited by Kerry Atkinson.

Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons, 2017. | Includes index.

Identifiers: LCCN 2016018676 (print) | LCCN 2016025001 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118907511 (cloth-set) | ISBN 9781118907375 (pdf) | ISBN 9781118907290 (epub)

Subjects: LCSH: Mesenchymal stem cells. | Mesenchyme–Therapeutic use.

Classification: LCC QH588.S83 B537 2016 (print) | LCC QH588.S83 (ebook) | DDC 616.02/774–dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016018676